Term
| Umberson- Social interaction and health |
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Definition
asserts the "long arm of childhood," that early life experiences trigger social and health trajectories into motion and have health effects lasting into adult hood.
Suggest that health habits help explain how social ties influence health cumulatively across life.
the mechanisms by which social ties influence health behavior then multiply at the same time that social ties increase in number.
The constellation of social connections rather than any particular connection likely drives adults' health lifestyles. |
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Term
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Definition
examines the epidemiologic transitions of the US and the emergence of "diseases of modernization" as well as the overall cost of civilization (pollution, threat of warfare) and our ultimate life expectancy stall and possible reversal.
notes that 'disease' is a multidimensional entity and cannot be simply approached from any one perspective.
there still remains to be changes overtime in prevailing disease and health inequalities between and among populations.
asserts that the goal of medicine should be an integrated health policy under which health care and public health programs together fully address the disease burden.
It's also vital that we account for the static nature of disease. |
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Term
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Definition
disparities of access to and quality of food within supermarkets exist in racially/ethnically and low-income concentrated neighborhoods.
smaller stores are more frequently located in lower income areas, resulting in more expensive and lower quality food options.
many low-income residents are forced to return to these more expensive, lower quality stores because they lack the means to transport themselves to the supermarkets.
a lack of education on health also influences where individuals purchase food.
other establishments such as gas stations, liquor stores, or restaurants also contribute the the food culture of an area. |
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Term
| Ferraro and Shippee- Aging and Cumulative Inequality |
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Definition
disadvantage accumulates over the life course, thereby differentiating a cohort over time.
social systems generate inequality, which is manifested over the life course through demographic and developmental processes.
disadvantages increase exposure to risk, but advantage increases exposure to opportunity.
life course trajectories are shaped by the accumulation of risk, available resources, and human agency.
the perception of life trajectories influences subsequent trajectories.
cumulative inequality may lead to premature mortality; therefore, nonrandom selection may give the appearance of decreasing inequality in later life.
there are many interdisciplinary linkages for studying aging.
gestation, infancy, and early childhood are critical periods in the life course.
early inequalities lead to differences in how individuals and groups are exposed to risk factors that typically compromise health.
CI is a life course PROCESS, not difference in outcomes |
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Term
| Tucker-Drob- Genetic and environmental influences on cognition |
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Definition
genetic influences increase from infancy to adulthood
genetic influences on cognition are maximized in more advantaged socioeconomic contexts
transaction models predict that people actively evoke and select learning experiences on the basis of their genetic predispositions, and these learning experiences reciprocally influence cognition.
the heritability of individuals selecting their own educational path is greater than that of educational attainment. |
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Term
| Mehta and Chang- obesity and mortality |
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Definition
a variety of methodological differences across studies could account for the divergence of individual and population estimates.
class II/III obesity were the only BMI categories associated with significant attributable mortality, but over weight and class I had a protective association |
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Term
| Himes- Demography of Obesity |
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Definition
obesity is interesting to demographers because of its potential effects on mortality and its relationship to chronic health problems, as well as its implications for SES, marriage, and fertility.
obesity began to increase gradually in the early-mid 1900's and began picking up speed in the 60's, drastically increasing in the 80's.
BMI increases with age, will likely increase if high in childhood, and is generally higher in women.
blacks have a higher tendency for obesity.
the south and central US is more obese.
higher SES have a greater chance of avoiding obesity, but this 'advantage' is diminishing
demography has explicated the trends in obesity prevalence and correlates to those trends.
there is not one factor to explain obesity, a multidisciplinary approach is needed to understand these multiple factors. |
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