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A primitive welfare agency intended to provide food, clothing, medical care, and educaiton to white refugee and the newly freed slaves. Congress created this agency in March 3, 1865.
Had success in Education but failed in other areas; particularly on land distribution. |
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Southern regime acts; designed to regulate the affairs of the emancipated blacks.
Varied from state to state but overall had these main ideas and points:
1. aimed to ensure stable and subservient labor force
2. restore the pre-emancipation system of race relations |
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A system where the workers owned part (a share) of the harvest. Implemented during reconstruction and normally associated with the Black Codes.
Planter-Bosses would use this system to assure a free/cheap labor supply but keeping those involved in the sharecropping in constant debt. |
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A constitutional Amendment pass by a a rupublican congress, that assured the civil rights bill in the constitution without fear of southern congressman overturning it. No state were allowed back into the Union without ratifying the fourteenth amendment.
Did 4 main things:
1. conferred civil rights including citizenship
2. enforcement: denied state representatives and Electoral College Votes, if they denied blacks the ballot
3. disqualified from state and federal office former confederates who once were federal officeholders
4. guaranteed the federal debt, but not the Confederate debts |
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| Reconstruction Act of 1867 |
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Definition
1. divided the south into five military districts, that were controlled by Union federal troops all to prevent further race riots.
2. disfranchised (taken out the right to vote) former Confederates. |
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"The Invisible Empire of the South"
The most notorious of anti-black organizations that sprung out during reconstruction.
Used terror and physical force to intimidate the former slaves. An example of white resistance undermining the attempts to empower blacks politically. |
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An era in United States History (1869-1896)
During this time period the United States did not accomplish entirely alot. The government in federal and local levels are corrupt; an era of big business and corporations; and a era of large city growth. |
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Former Union General that was nominated by the Republicans and won Presidency. His administration would be filled with scandals.
-Family enrolled in public payroll
-Cabinent members taking favors, bribes and taking federal money for personal use.
-**Credit Mobilier scandal of 1972 |
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| Republican candidate of 1880 who won presidency. He is most known for being assasinated by a man angry about not receive any benefits Garfield had promised. This prompted the reform of the spoils system. |
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| Democratic Nominee and won presidency in 1885, first Democrat to win presidency since 28 years earlier. First president to begin instituting progressive reform in the Federal Government. |
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| A practice acted upon many Presidents before the Progressive Era, where the supporters of the Presidential Candidate to wil will be able to gain spoils; in many cases public payrolls. |
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| A Political Scandal in the Grants Administration. Railroad companies executives created a fake company and hired themselves to build railroads at high prices. When they were being threatened to be shut down they paid off stock shares of this company to congress representatives and members of Grant's Administrations (vice-president). |
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| Democratic Liberal Republicans |
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| A third-political party founded in 1872 by reform-minded citizens. They would eventually get Congress to clean the Legislative Branch from corruption, lower tarrifs, and passed mild civil service reform. |
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| Political party founded around 1892. Their platform included free coinage of silver (inflation), graduated income tax, government owenership of public services, direct elections of senators, one term presidency limit, usage of referendums, shorter work day, and immigration restriction. |
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| The first real issue that divided political lines. First brought up by President Cleveland, who was in favor of lowering the tariff,while in office this was a large issue going into the 1888 election. After a term break, Cleveland will take office once again and passes the lowered tariff but going through congress it had many special interest additions to the bill attached. |
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| A political compromise between the two parties when the Hayes-Tilden election could not produce a sure winner. So the democrats in turned accepted Hayes (R) to take office in return that he take out federal troops from the south. This marked the end of the Reconstruction Era in United States History. |
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| A United States Supreme Court ruling that states that these Jim Crow Laws that created for seperate facilities equal under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. This created for the foundation of the more sophisticated segregation laws. Ruling in the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson US Supreme Court Case. |
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| A United States Supreme Court Case that argued against the south's right to segregate the south through Jim Crow Laws. US Supreme Court would rule "Seperate but Equal". |
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| Laws passed by the Southern states that created for more sophisticated legal codes of segregation. |
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Passed in 1882.
In order to prevent the spread of Chinese immigrants cheap labor supply in America, the Federal government shut to door to any further immigration from china. This after many Chinese Immigrants face hardship due to their nationality. |
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| The company contracted/commissioned by Congress to thrust westward from Omaha, Nabraska. In an effort to expan westward and connect gold rich California to the Union States the federal government gave this company government grants to land and federal loans for each mile of tracks laid down. |
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| A corporate strategy that joint together companies of the same industry in order to control rates and prices in an attempt to maxize their profits. |
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| When Carnigie sold his shares to Wall Street Banker J.P. Morgan, Morgan integrated his control of other watered down steel companies and established the US Steel Company. Priced at 1.4 billion, it is the first billion dollar corporation. |
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| The thought and mindset of American Immigrants as well as "native americans" that the United States has so much to offer and was better then any other nation. "rags to richest stories" with the new rich that just took power in america. |
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| Interstate Commerce Act (1887) |
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Definition
| Congress passed the Interstate Commerce Act in an effort to regulate the growing Railroad business. The Act in 1887, prohibited rebates, and pools. Also required business to post their fare rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers who ship at short distances compared to long distances. Lastly sets up the Interstate Commerce Commision (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation. |
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| Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890) |
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| An act that flatly forbade combinations in restraint of trade, without any recognition of good trusts and bad trusts. This law became ineffective because it did not have the ability to enforce such laws. |
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| An new labor organization that picked up from where the National Labor Union had left off. This labor union sought to include all workers in one big union as long as they were "producers". Instead of getting involved in politics they campaigned for economic and social reform. One of them the shortening of the working day to 8 hours a day. |
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| The American Federation on Labor |
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| born in 1886. consisted of self-governing national unions, each keeping their independence, while the AFL unifying overall strategy. This organization instead used the down to earth approach to their demands. The AFL did not care about the large demands of labor but rather the little achievements he can get. |
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| The president of the American Federation of Labor. He's down to earth strategies made the AFL very successful, in their attempt at gaining overall labor improvements. |
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| During one of the Knights of Labor May Day stike in Chicago the Police were called. An individual threw a bomb in the air that killed a few strikers and some police. This caused for the overall downfall of the Knights of Labor as a National Labor Union. |
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| The kingpin amoung steelmasters. He was at-top the United States Steel industry producing about 1/4 of the nations steel. He was against monopolies and developed a integration within his business to compete without controlling the entire business market; called vertical integration. |
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| term used to describe the flow of immigrants into the United States in th 1880 and beyond those years. During this time period a majority of the new immigrants comes from southern and eastern europe, therefore they were not Anglo-Saxon or Teutonic. They were mostly Catholics, Orthodox or Jewish. They come from countries with other forms of government and not democracy and lastly they were illiterate and impoverished. |
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| A new form of raciest group. They were against foreign immigrant not born of the Anglo-Saxon/Teutonic Race. They supposedly praised "Native" Americans who's family were born in the United States for a few generations. Occurs due to the rise of "new immigration" |
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| New York City Political Powerhouse, who not only kept power in NYC but was also corrupt. Such power houses was able to aid the new flow of impoverish immigrants. They did so in return for votes to keep their power within the city. |
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| A new form of teachings by the Protestant Churches which states that it is our actions that speak of us as christians. This new form of theology is analyze in an effort to get the protestant populations, mostly middle class White Anglo-Saxons, to help in social work and community oriented deeds. |
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| A prosperous women who established the Hull House, which is located in a poor immigrant neighborhood of Greeks, Italians, Russians, and Germans, in Chicago. The social work of Hull House was to offer instruction in English, cope with American big-city life, child-care for working mothers, and neighborhood cultural activities. |
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| Women's Christian Temporance Union |
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| organized in 1874. Lead by Frances E. Willard. Stated that Temporance would reduce domestic violence at home. |
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| the first African American to earn a Ph. D. at Harvard University. Demanded complese equality for blacks, social as well as economic. Founded the Naitonal Association for the Adavancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1910.Demanded that the talented tenth of the black community be given full and immediate access to the mainstream American life. |
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| Composed of an essay which recognized the closing of the western American Frontier. By this time in 1893 the unsettled areas were now broken into by isolated bodies of settlement. |
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| The Buffalo played a very important resource for the native americans living in the mid-west. Once the buffalo becomes wiped out then the Native Americans have no choice but to settle with the United States Federal Government and accept these land reservations. |
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| Colonel Custer found gold in the Sioux Reservation in the Black Hills of South Dekota. Then hores of gold-seekers swarmed into the Sioux lands. An aggressive action by the Sioux let to Colonel Custer's Seventh Cavalry. When they attacked the Sioux Indians they were overwhelmed and the entire Cavalry fell. |
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| A battle that occured when the federal troops and Christian Reformers convinced the US Congress to outlaw the Sun Dance. When this movement spread tho the Dakota Sioux federal troops used to force to stamp such practice out. Involved the deaths of women, children men and US soilders. |
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| The Dawes Act came out of the movement to dissimulate the Native Americans/Indians into white americans. The act dissolved many tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian Family Heads with 160 free acres, and probation period for those items and right to citizenship. The act did give off land to railroands and white settlers not allocated to the native americans. |
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| Name for those individuals looking west to gain quick riches. This occured when gold was found in California and Colorado, individuals made the trip westward from the east, to make the west more populated. |
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| Name for those individuals who made use of the prairie by breaking up the sod with heavy iron plows. They would then figure out that the earth would be very fruitful. |
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| A organization that came together to break the strangling grip of the railroads and manufacturers through cooperative buying and selling. Founded in Texas in the 1870's. This organization would be the ground work for the People's Party: A National Politcal Party. |
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| Democrat Nomination for the Presidency in three seperate elections.Bryan is an infaltion advocate with the free and unlimited coinage of silver. This gave Bryan a Populists-silverites platform, revealing the new Democrat majority. |
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| US Congressman Later Senator, he advocated America's right to become an imperial nation because of his interpretation of Darwinism. He would also play a key role when it comes to the League of Nations. His inability to release United States Congress right to declare war to the League of Nations led to the United States not ratifying the Treaty. |
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| Hawaii's Queen at the time the United States Farmers w/ assistant by Federal Troops revolted and took control of the Island.A start to United States Imperialism |
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| Cuba and Spanish American War |
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| A "spledid little war". A war between the United States and Spain. Initially over Cuba's revolution to overthrough the Spanish Empire, the United States wanted to protect US interest in the island. This leads to the Spanish American War, in three key locations: Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Cuba. |
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| An american "yellow press" journalism in his paper. In an effort to raise readership he would make up fake stories to excite individuals. This leads to many evens in the United States History, particularly the Spanish American War. |
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| A United States Naval Ship (USS). Exploded off the coast of Cuba in a mission to protect United States interest and United States citizens. When sitting in the harbor and explosion sunk the naval ship, causing speculation and eventually the Spanish American War. |
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| A proviso that proclaimed that when the United States overthrows Spanish rule, that Cubans would be given their freedom. |
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| Filipino "freedom fighter" that fought with the United States to overthrow the Spanish control of the Philippines. He would then overturn against the Americans when they break their promise and do not grant filipinos their freedom. |
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| United States project to link the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific Ocean. Proves to be very costly but overall entirely usefull. The United States had to grant Panama their own state of independence when the nation of Colombia voted no on a US canal. |
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| Open Door Policy with China |
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| A policy which states that China shall not be broken up into European colonies, instead it shall be left open for the free trade of all nations. A special interest to the United States economical market. |
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| The type of policy the Theodore Roosevelt implemented when it came to the United States Foriegn Policy. He believe in having a strong military force and that showing our power will force countries to respond to our foreign policies. Supported Federal Government Intervention on internation affairs |
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| United States Era in history in which many of the elected officials as well as many middle class americans all try to make a change in our nation socially and economically. They first start by dismantling big business, then they turn to social problems |
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| Those individuals in the journalism field that dug out the wrongs of society. They brought light to many issues that benefit the nation, like political scandal, and working labor conditions. |
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| 1913, established the direct elections of U.S. senators. |
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| Restriction of Freepasses given out by the Railroad, due to its usage in bribary. |
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| Published The Jungle in 1906, revealed the insanitary conditions in canned food factories. Proved to revolutionize the customer satisfaction type business. Describes the dumps called Chicago's Slaughter Houses. |
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| To reserve land, under federal protection. There are two types of conservationists; the first wants to preserve land for the usage in the future, the second wants to preserve lands for their purity. |
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| Taft's Foreign Policy plan. His administration encouraged american investors to put their money on foreign markets, that way their investments would boost American political interests abroad. |
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| Progressive Republican Party |
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| National Progressive Republican League. This was Theodore Roosevelts party when, Taft's policies broke a rift between these two positions in the Republican Party. |
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| "Triple Wall of Privilege" |
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| Wilson's Presidential Agenda to attack the triple wall of privilege: tariff, banks and trusts. |
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| Federal Reserve Act (1913) |
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Definition
| Created the Federal Reserve Board, which was incharge of the overseeing of a nationwide system of twelve regional reserve districts, each with its own central bank. The Board guaranteed a substantial measure of public control. The Board is empowered to issue paper money, "Federal Reserve Notes" back by commercial paper. |
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| Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) |
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Definition
Lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices deemed objectionable. Two of the most important were price discrimination and interlocking directories.
Also exempted labor and agricultural organizations from anti-trust prosecution. |
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| Triangle Shirtwast Factory |
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Definition
| A lethal fire spread in this factory in 1911. The locked doors and other flagrant violations of the fire code turned the factory into a death trap. This prompted to safety revision in factories accross the country. |
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| The Mexican Renigade who went into America to stir a war with Mexico in an effort for him to gain political power, against his opponent and Mexican President. |
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| Austria-Hungry, Ottoman Empire, and Germany as they bonded together in a alliance during World War 1 |
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| The British Passanger Liner torpedoed and sank by a German U-Boat off the coast of Ireland on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans die. This prompted American President Woodrow Wilson so send diplomatic notes to Germany in an effort to resolve this issue of sinking passanger ships. |
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| Woodrow Wilson's slogan and platform throughout his re-election campaign. Even though the election was very close, he did will re-election through this platform. |
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| The act the required all males between the ages of eighteen and forty-five to register and no-one will be allowed to purchase an exemption. |
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| A secret note found, in which German Diplomats are requesting the Alliance with Mexico. In return for their alliance the Germans promised Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. |
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| Committee on Public Information |
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| A committee created to stirr efforts for the war movement. They would encourage the American Public to conserve in an effort to send more materials and supplies to the war effort. They also used propaganda to garner support for such a movement. |
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| this supreme court ruling states that the United States has the right to revoke the freedom of speech, when such a speech would posed a clear and present danger to the nation. |
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| One of the two battles the United States Army had control over the command of the troops and a majority of the battalions were Americans. This offensive would prove to be a stand still even until the war ended. |
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| Woodrow Wilson's vision to create a council of world delegates to work world issues out on a equal and level working level. This he hoped would prevent another world war. In the End the United States, backed out of the League of Nations and the organization eventually dies out. |
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| The French Prime Minister, the organizer of victory. During the treaty process he argued that Germany and the other Central Power Nations must pay for their role in starting this war. |
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| The treaty developed by the Allied Nations and it laid the ground work to the reconstruction of Europe and the punishment of Germany. This treay would not be supported by the United States due to the League of Nations being attached to this treaty. |
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| A act of making alliance to a nation before actual war break outs, which greats for obligations to go to war. The United States congress did not want this to be the case when it came to the French Treaty, and our obligation to assist them at war. |
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