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United Nations
Collective Security, Humanitarian intervention, UN history
65
International Studies
Undergraduate 1
05/18/2010

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Term
CS: explicitly anti-realist (Wilsonian). assumptions, self help
Definition
starting assumption: states behave according to dictates of realism. aim of CS is to move beyond self-help world
Term
CS premise 1: reject use of force
Definition
Force as a last resort. Implies there are non-militaristic channels (diplomacy, economic sanctions) due to interdependence.
Problem: state-centric approach (but see terrorism, piracy and intrastate conflict, 90% conflicts today)
Term
CS premise 2: act outside of narrow self interest
Definition
In order to enforce 1). Implies existence of common goals (lib. inst.) or identities (constructivism).
Problems:
- conflict in interests (Korea, Georgia). Even lib. instit. admit that benefits from acting in self-interest must be outweighed by by benefits from common goals.
- geography: see Haiti and Balkans v Rwanda
Term
CS premise 3: renounce independent military action
Definition
institutionalisation of conflict resolution
Problems:
- commitment of troops: VIII, 43 (conscribing of national troops) never enforced. Inherent imbalance, burden on stronger countries (free-riding)
- Int. law: not strong enough to undergird CS (see non-application of VIII, 43)
- UN not in line with geopolitical structure. Power dynamics misrepresented in structure of SC
Term
CS problem: state-centric, militaristc approach to security v 92 SRMIPS
Definition
- undermines threat of non-state actors and intra-state conflicts, as well as negative externalities of environmental misconduct (but see 92 Summit on Responsibilities in Maintenance of IPS)
Term
Human Security: Yuen Foong Khong and MacFarlane
Definition
Individual human beings as only irreducible focus of IR. Incompatible with sate-centric approach of UN charter
Term
HS state security 1: State security: Westphalian system (17th)
Definition
- State as credible unit, tradeoff between it being main unit for security and it providing security for individual.
Term
HS State security 2: industrial revolution
Definition
Tradeoff worsens:
- war becomes mass affair. airstrikes mean civilians targeted behind trenches
- States being killing its own civilians
- Rise in ethnic conflict: people killed for who they are, not what they do (soldier)
Term
CS State security 3: Charles Tilly and instrumental state sovereignty
Definition
State sovereignty initially justified on basis of protection of individuals and communities from harm. Premised on instrumental (not intrinsic) value
Term
HS theory: broadening of focus on state. Horizontal and vertical (upwards and downwards)
Definition
Horizontal: other issue-areas than security (economy, environment, health, religion). Expansion of core values of welfare
- Vertically: shift from state both upwards (regional, global identities) and downards (ethnic/religious groups, and individual)
Term
HS: definition. Value derived form human sovereignty
Definition
Value of claims by any other subjects (group, community, state, religion, globe) derived solely from sovereignty of the individual
Term
HS: proponents and 'adversaries'
Definition
Japan, Canada, Switzerland, Norwar v US, Russia, China (challenge to state prerogatives)
Term
HS and UN 1: Terminology v Content
Definition
conflicts with notion of state sovereignty, but present in spirit in preamble to charter, and used in res. 1296/1265, protection of civilians)
Term
HS and UN 2: History. Cold War
Definition
Rigidification (clear state bias in superpower conflict).
Progress: Nuremberg trials, Convention on Refugees (69), Geneva Convention
But end of CW pivotal in allowing ideational shift to HS
Term
HS and UN 3: History. 3rd world and irony
Definition
Emerging state from decolonised states profess sensitivity to ideal of state sovereignty in GA. Ironic considering abuse of peoples which occurred under colonial period (DRC)
Term
HS and UN 4: forum for debate
Definition
slow integration of HS into international society through conventions and summits
Term
HS post 9/11: Guantanamo and Chechnya
Definition
Bush doctrine tipped balance away from HS: deviance from Geneva convention in Guantanamo + Russia and rules of war/OSCE agreements in Chechnya
Term
HS problem 1: relativity
Definition
Relativity: seclusion of women in Islam. reaction: threat to HS (of religion) for some, promotion for others.
Term
HS problem 2: scope ('when every human malady is construed as a security threat, nothing is a security threat')
Definition
violence, economy, environment (developmental issues)?
Foong Khong/MacFarlane: inclusive definition detracts from value of security
Term
HS as qualification ≠ redefinition of sovereignty
Definition
RtoP meant to motivate international community to rebuild states when they fail in their duty to protect. Main unit remains the state (common to ICISS, CHS and HLP reports)
Term
HS negative consequences: consolidation of fledgling states, excuse, reconstruction
Definition
- Jeapordises efforts of new states
- excuse for intervention: Iraq (human hardship was result of UN sanctions)
- post-conflict reconstruction is complex and risky
Term
HS Responsibility to Protect Doctrine
Definition
- 2001: International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty
2005: reaffirmed in World Summit (peaceful means and chap VII, use of force implicit)
- Genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, ethnic cleansing
Term
HI legitimacy 1 Charter v Preamble
Definition
I, 2 (both UN and states refrain from sovereignty/domestic affairs)
v preamble (reaffirmation of human rights)
Term
HI legitimacy 2: DIIDAS v RtoP
Definition
65 Declaration of Inadmissability if Intervention in the Domestic Affairs of States v RtoP (01 and 05)
Term
HI legitimacy 3: 1999 Kofi Annan
Definition
UN taking action against human rigths violations: 1/3 3 ways, West v LA, African/Arab states, Russia, China, India
Term
HI Just War Theory
Definition
Force as last resort
Overwhelming Humanitarian emergency
Proportional response
More lives save through HI than not
Multilateral authorisation from instit.
Term
HI Classicist v Legal realist
Definition
C: original intention of treaty is crucial, should be respected till expiry (I, 2)
LR: original intention has no intrinsic authority: legality of HI depends on contemporary attitude (Somalia, Kosovo)
Term
HI Illegality v Illegitimacy (Kosovo)
Definition
International Commission on Kosovo: 'Illegal but legitimate' + retrospective ratification by SC
Term
HI objection 1: selectivity and vested interest
Definition
- Haiti + Balkans v Rwanda, Darfur
- But importance of some vested interest: long term commitment to reconstruction (regionalism?)
Term
HI objection 2 risk of abuse and erosion of int. law
Definition
Kosovo erodes int. law and undermines SC. HI made Iraq easier for Bush
Term
HI objection 3: secessionist movements
Definition
HI can fuel them by encouraging results of previous interventions (Darfuri secession movements and previous intervention in Sudan)
Term
HI objection 4 Duplicity
Definition
Necessarily duplicitous: one nation/ethnicity is arbitrarily preferred (Croatians also committed atrocities in Serbian conflict)
Term
HI and Justification: Liberia v Iraq 91
Definition
Internal conflicts increasingly being seen as threat to IPS. But either consent from governments involved (Libera, DRC) or couched in other terms (Kurds 1991: refugee flows)
Term
HI motive v technique (Sierra Leone 97)
Definition
Clare Short: problem is one of motive, not technique. Sierra Leone: ad hoc intervention by British (originally aimed at extracting British nationals) was successful
Term
HI pre-1990 uni-lateral intervention (Indio-Pakistani conflict 1971)
Definition
Teson: 71, East Pakistan calls for independence (dominated econ. by W Pak). Pak army moves in, 1m dead, 10m refugees to India. India forces Pak out and declares independent Bangladesh
Term
UN Origins: the 4 policemen, integrating realist thought (SC) with liberal legitimacy (GA)
Definition
Attempt at integrating USSR into world order: hope it would 'Finlandise' (domestic sovereignty, FP subject to Soviet approval) ≠ Bolshevise Eastern Europe
Realist: veto, implicit mandate given to Great Powers to organise international order
Liberal legitimacy: Universality of GA
Term
UN CW and Collective Security: paralysis
Definition
During CW, SC effectively paralysed, and by proxy, so was upholding of CS (proxy wars). Any useful evaluation of CS should occur post-1990
Term
UN CW SC paralysis: vetoes and greater role for GA
Definition
- 279 1945-90 vs 18 1990-2005
- GA: condeming actions with retrospective SC ratification
Term
UN CW and Peacekeeping (see Suez 56)
Definition
Non-threatening, impartial, consent, minimum force. Avoids superpower veto.
Suez: UNEF I, only on Egyptian soil
Term
UN CW and Peace enforcing
Definition
Korea (1950): wrong China and Soviet Boycott
Term
UN CW uni-lateral interventions
Definition
- Covert interventions in LA
- India in East Pakistan 1971
Term
UN post-CW broader understanding: election monitoring, sanction regimes, peace enforcement, peace building
Definition
- EM: Angola, Haiti, Iraq, Afghanistan
- mandatory sanction regimes: Iran, Iraq
- PE (Desert Shield/Storm, Restore Hope in Somalia)
- PB: rehabilitating states ≠ policing ceasefires. Heavy footprint (E Timor) v light footprint (Afghanistan) + see Bosnia paradigmatic
Term
UN post-CW 'Mission Creeping'
Definition
Blurring of line between PK/PE (self-defence v 'all necessary force'). Stems from Bosnia, attacks on PKers (Bosnia, Somalia) expands mandate
Term
UN post-CW misleading? Figures
Definition
93-98: 7/16 new PK ops offshoots of previous missions + PK budget decreased by 2/3rds (disillusionment Somalia, Rwanda)
Term
UN post-CW new threats: Internal conflicts, humanitarian crises, support for democracy (SRMIPS)
Definition
Term
UN post- CW First Gulf War
Definition
91: Res 688 also recognises Kurdish pb (but couched in terms of refugee flows, avoid codification of HI to avoid abuse)
Success: CS yes (didn't overstep UN mandate and go to Baghdad) HI short-term
Term
UN post-CW Somalia 92 and 'Somalia Syndrome'/Mogadishu line
Definition
Deep crisis begins jan91, UNOSOM I aug92 (UNITAF, UNOSOM II)
idyosincratic case: HI didn't violate sovereignty. described as one-off at the time. Highlights cost of HI
Term
UN post-CW Yugoslavia 1 (Slovenia/Croatia 91)
Definition
Slovenia 10 days, Croatia: serb minotities + muslims + croats
UNPROFOR: enforcement of Serb withdrawal and protectorate of Serb areas
Term
UN post-CW Yugoslavia 2 (Bosnia/Macedonia 92), IFOR and paradigm of peace building
Definition
Not safe under Milosevic. Immediately recognised by Germany so CS ≠ HI
UN between need for impartiality and reaction to Serbian violations
NATO: defend no-fly zones and UNPROFOR, US involved in Dayton Accords
Term
UN post-CW Rwanda (94): Arusha, Akazu (CRD), UNAMIR. Too little, too late
Definition
civil war 1990, RPF+FAR forced into Arusha tlks 92 while akuza plan genocide
93: UNAMIR, but reduced 2500 to 270 in APril 94. Increased to 5500, but ejected by new Tutsi government (96).
Term
UN post-CW Kosovo (99): 1199, KFOR, UNMIK, 1244
Definition
1199 denounces repression of Kosovar Albanian. no explicit legitimation of force. Blair pushes 'on behalf of the world' (false). tacit legitimation with 1244 78 days later.
NATO: HI, UN did PB (// Afghanistan)
Term
UN Post-CW DRC (99) 1: History and figures
Definition
Human rights abuses by Belgian crown 1908. Zaire independence 60s: most under-prepared ever (no educated elite): civil war
200 ethnic groups, 6 parties involved in Lusaka 99 (DRC, Zimbabwe, Rwanda, Uganda, Angola, Namibia)
Term
UN post-CW DRC 2 Leaders
Definition
Mobutu (embezzled aid, tolerated by US CW)
Laurent Kabila (97): assassinated 01
Joseph Kabila (elected as president 06)
Term
UN post-CW DRC 3: conflict
Definition
Paul Collier: over resources, not ideology
by 99, DRC in 3 segments (Ugandan North, Uganda-Rwandan East)
July 99: Lusaka talks, MONUC, continuing violence by Hutu militias + UN troops
Term
UN post-CW DRC 4: blame
Definition
MONUC can hardly be blamed (apart from abuses): complexity of situation. Interesting that it represents largest PKing force, no direct vested interest by Great Powers
Term
UN post-CW Afghanistan 01 (Enduring Freedom, Moshtarak 09)
Definition
Permitted by SC, NATO takes over after initial surge. Note length of conflict
Term
UN post-CW Iraq 03: Waltzian BoP, 1441
Definition
US unilateral approval from Congress 02. other SC members balance by veto, France by veto of NATO guarantee of Turkey (and foreign minister speeches).
Non-Aligned Movement (Feb 03): opposes use of froce (2/3 UN membership, 50% pop, 114 states)
Term
UN Evaluation 1: New World Order and Hope for UN
Definition
Largely based on success of Gulf War, which itself was more of a coincidence in historical circumstances than an indication of emerging trend (US vested interest)
Term
UN Evaluation 2 Failure: Finance
Definition
Lack of autonomy. 94: 17/184 states met financial contributions on time
Term
UN Evaluation 3 Failure: Political will
Definition
Somalia, Rwanda. Clinton Presidential Decision Directive 25 (PDD): limits commitment to PKing, posits need for US to win wars unilaterally
Term
UN Evaluation 3 Failure: sovereignty v justice (state/human security)
Definition
Affects reactivity/authority. Clearly visible in Croatia (Serbs called UN bluff)
Term
UN Evaluation 4 Failure: geopolitics v UN structure
Definition
The idea that states are sovereign equals must be abandoned. Elevates France past India, and non-permanent members past Germany
Term
UN Evaluation Theories: Realist
Definition
'Self Help' leads to inconsistency and partiality in SC
- Haiti received bigger response than the imperative called for relative to other crises
- Russia in Georgia, US in Iraq
Term
UN Evaluation Theories: Liberal
Definition
Difficulty of garnering domestic support for far off initiatives. UN should avoid conflict through shared ties+increased information flow
Term
UN Evaluation: Regional institutions? understanding v vested interest
Definition
- Better understanding of dynamics + personal ties with actors involved
- Ill suited to conflict resolution (ASEAN based on trade) and stand to benefit from outcome (Af Union in Angolan civil war, paralysis due to lack of agreement on desirable outcome)
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