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| 632-750, conquered Syria, Egypt, Tunisia, Persia, Spain, India, split by Sunni and Shi`ites, conquered ppl didn’t know Arabic, converts don’t have same status as Arabs, moved capitol to Damascus, lived pricey lifestyle |
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| 750-1258, murdered remaining Umayyad members, moved capitol to Baghdad in 762, developed strong bureaucracy and strong treasury to keep track of money, special departments managed business of the army, had diplomats go to courts in Europe, Africa and Asia for imperial business, encouraged theology and religion, translated many Greek, Persian and Indian works, cosmopolitan, social discrimination to converts faded, small conversion to Islam but sped up in 2nd half, declined b/c of vastness of empire, rebellions, economic crisis, bought Turk slaves and built army |
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| 1258 took Baghdad, crushed libraries and burned the books, spread terror across the Muslim Empire, most Mongols converted to Islam |
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| Nomadic society living in Sahara desert of Africa, sheep and camel raising are some of the masculine jobs, the camel and the palm rule supreme over the desert, common outfit for Bedouin is a long shirt w/ a sash, head covered by a shawl w/ rope wrapped around it, camel and horse most important, camel is transportation, medium of exchange, constant companion, drinks its milk, feasts on its flesh, covers himself with its skin, makes a tent out of its hair, horses are luxury, valued for speed, tent represents a family, members of an encampment represent a clan, a number of kindred clan groups make a tribe, if member of clan commit s murder w/in his own clan no one will defend him, tribe less man is helpless, polygamous lives |
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| when Abu-Bakr died in 634, the Muslims controlled all of Arabia, he invoked jihad, meaning “striving” or an armed struggle against non believers, under Umar Muslim Armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt which were part of Byzantium Empire, also took part of Sassanid Empire, Uthman and Ali continued expansion, and by 750, Muslim Empire was 6000 miles, from Atlantic to Indus River. Byzantium and Sassanid Empires were in conflict for a long time and had no military left, people welcomed new rulers, b/c they could not practice Christianity or Zoroastrian |
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| change: Calpihates, expansion, beliefs, women’s rights: continuity: religious tolerance, military strength, religious strength |
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Islam: Muhammad was the last prophet, Fast during Ramadan, Qur`an revelations, women isolated and veiled, Mosque, built an empire, discouraged people, no priests, Arabic, 5 pillars, pray 5x a day
Christianity: Bible, apostle observed, church, built in an empire, depicted Jesus as the son of God, Latin, priests, painted living things, Ten Commandments
Similarities: monotheistic, prophets, included all people, began in Middle East, universal portable religions of salvations, political splits Holy Book, philanthropy |
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| traders only needed one currency and one language to trade across the empire, created banks which offered credit letters called sakks (checks) |
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| 570-632 The prophet of Islam, at 40, Gabriel the angel told him he was the messenger of Allah, began teaching that Allah was the only God, began to preach publicly in 613, met w/ hostility, some feared his teachings would lead to ppl abandoning Mecca as a pilgrimage center, left Mecca in 622, followed by a small group of supporters to Medina (Hijrah), marched into Mecca w/ 10,000 followers destroyed idols in Ka`aba, died at age 62, and no one knows where he is buried |
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| literally “recitation”, revealed to Muhammad over the course of 21 years, Became holy Book of Islam |
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| one who submits or surrenders their life to Allah and his calls and treats others with justice, equality, and compassion, “There is no God but of Allah and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah" |
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| housed the idols in the Ka`aba until Muhammad destroyed it, the destination of the pilgrimage, one of the three most holy sites in Islam |
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| place where Muhammad and his followers first went (used to be Yathrib), one of the three most holy sites in Islam |
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| one of the three most holy sites in Islam |
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| the migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina in 622 |
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| Literally “place of prostration”, position of equality |
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| direction of prayer, Jerusalem at first, changed to the Ka`aba in 624 |
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| temple in the center of Mecca, from pre-Islamic times, became symbolic center to Islam |
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Statement of Faith- to become a Muslim, a person has to testify to the following statement of faith, “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the messenger of Allah.”
Salat- prayer, 5 times a day, the Muslims face toward Mecca to pray, they may assemble at a Mosque or wherever they find themselves
Hajj- All Muslims who are physically and financially able to perform the hajj or pilgrimage, to Mecca. People making the pilgrimage wear identical garments so that all stand as equals before Allah
Zakat- Alms, Muhammad taught that all Muslims had a responsibility to support the less fortunate. Muslims meet that social responsibility by giving money to the poor, through a special religious tax
Ramadan Fasting- fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, Muslims fast between dawn and sunset, a simple meal is eaten at the end of the day; Fasting reminds the Muslims that spiritual need is greater than physical need |
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| the people of the book (Jews and Christians), literally “people of an earlier revelation”, Qur`an commanded Muslims to respect their faith and said there shall be no coercion on matters of faith |
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| located in Baghdad, always had scholars translating works into Arabic, contained libraries, all of the knowledge around the world came together there, many different cultures met too |
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| Islamic peace, all of the land that the Muslim empire controlled was united and anyone who wished to travel in it was free to do so without fear, encouraged spread of ideas, encouraged trade |
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| the process of combining to make something new- unlike existing system, unlike original |
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