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| THE HIGHLY SKILLED WORKERS, SUCH AS FACTORY FOREMEN AND CONSTRUCTION BOSSES, WHO MADE UP ABOUT 15% OF THE WORKING CLASSES FROM ABOUT 1850-1914. THEY WERE UNDER CONSTANT LONG-TERM PRESSURE. FACTORY METHODS EXPANDED TO MORE CRAFT AND MORALITY, FOCUSING ON THE FAMILY AND NOT PARTICIPATING IN DRINKING. |
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THE THOUGHT OF BETRAYING THE REAL WORLD AND TRUE ACTIONS. THE EXPRESSION OF PERSON, EMOTIONAL VIEWPOINTS OF WORKERS AND PEOPLE THROUGH ART, PORTRAITS, LITERATURE AND POETRY.
REALISTS REACTED AGAINST ROMANTISM AND THE FANTASY -like material- THEY WANTED TO FOCUS ON THE PRESENT AND THE SOCAIL REALITY. |
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| THE IDEA OF JEREMY BENTHAM THAT SOCAIL POLICIES SHOULD PROMOTE THE "GREATEST GOOD FOR THE GREASTEST NUMBER." BECAUSE OF THESE BELIEFS CHADWICK CAME UP WITH HIS A "SANITARY IDEA" CHADWICK'S REPORT BECAME THE BASIS OF BRITIANS FIRST PUBLIC HEALTH LAW, WHICH CREATED A NATIONAL HEALTH BOARD AND GAVE CITIES BROAD AUTHORITY TO BUILD MODERN SANITARY SYSTEMS. |
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| POORLY PAID HANDY CRAFT PRODUCTION, OFTEN BY MARRIED WOMEN PAID BY THE PEACE AND WORKING AT HOME. THIS INDUSTRY GREW AFTER 1850. THE ARMY OF POOR WOMEN WORKING AT HOME ACCOUNTED FOR MUCH OF THE INEXPENSIVE READY MADE CLOTHES DISPLAYED ON DEPARTMENT STORE RACKS AND IN TINY SHOPS. |
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| A BACKLASH AGAINST THE EMERGENCE OF INDIVIDUALISM AND THE FRAGMENTATION OF SOCIETY, AND A MOVE TOWARD COOPERATION AND A SENSE OF COMMUNITY: THE KEY IDEAS WERE ECONOMIC PLANNING, GREATER ECONOMIC EQUALITY, AND STATE REGULATION OF PROPERTY. |
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| A BRANCH OF PHYSICS BUILT ON NEWTON'S LAWS OF MECHANICS THAT INVESTIGATED THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEAT AND MECHANICAL ENERGY. |
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| A MEETING OF THE QUADRUPLE ALLIANCE -Russia, Prussia, Austria && Great Britain- AND RESTORATION OF FRANCE TO FASHION GENERAL PEACE SETTLEMENT THAT BEGAN AFTER THE DEFEAT OF NAPOLEON'S FRANCE IN 1814. THEIR GOAL WAS TO CONSTRUCT A SETTLEMENT THAT WOULD LAST AND THEY WERE VERY SUCCESSFUL IN DOING SO. THE CONTRIBUTRED TO A CENTURY WAR FREE. |
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| THE PRINCIPLE IDEAS OF THIS MOVEMENT WERE EQUALITY, AND LIBERTY, LIBERAIS DEMANDED REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT AND EQUALISM BEFORE THE LAW AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL FREEDOMS SUCH AS, FREEDOM OF PRESS, FREEDOM OF SPEECH, FREEDOM OF ASSEMBLY && FREEDOM OF ARBITUARY ARREST. |
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| ISSUED IN 1819, THE DECREES WERE DESIGNED TO UPHOLD METTERNICH'S CONSERVATISM, REQUIRING THE GERMAN STATES TO RULE OUT SUBVERSIVE IDEAS AND SQUELCH ANY LIBERAL ORGANIZATIONS. THIS MADE METTERNICH A VILLIAN IN THE EYES OF THE PEOPLE. |
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| AN ALLIANCE FORMED BY THE CONSERVATIVE RULERS OF AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA && RUSSIA IN SEPTEMBER 1855. IT BECAME A SYMBOL OF THE REPRESSION OF LIBERAL AND REVOLUTIONARY MOVEMENTS ALL OVER EUROPE. THEY FORCED THE SPANISH AND SOUTHERN ITALIAN KINGDOMS OUTRAGING METTERNICH AND REVOLUTION BEGAN TO RISE ONCE AGAIN. |
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| The idea that each people had its own genius and its own specific unity, which manifested itself especially in a common language and history, and often led to the desire for an independent political state. |
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| King of France that set out to restore the absolute monarchy with the help of pro-royal forces. Eventually, he dissolved the assembly, ended freedom of the press, and restricted voting rights. His actions prompted the outbreak of a second French revolution in 1830. |
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| SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION* |
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| The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century. |
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| The idea that disease was caused by the spread of living organisms that could be controlled. |
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| The idea, applied by thinkers in many fields, that stresses gradual change and continuous adjustment. |
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| A group of thinkers who applied the theory of biological evolution to human affairs and saw the human race as driven by an unending economic struggle that would determine the survival of the fittest. |
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| A DOCTRINE OF ECONOMIC LIBERALISM THAT BELIEVES THAT IN RESTRICTED PRIVATE ENTERPRISE AND NO GOVERNMENT INTERFERENCE IN ECONOMY. BUSINESSMEN USED THE DOCTRINE TO DEFEND THEIR RIGHT TO DO WHAT THEY WANTED IN THEIR FACTORIES. AFTER 1815 THE MIDDLE CLASS BEGAN TO IDENTIFY WITH LIBERALISM, BUT SOME FELT IT DID NOT GO FAR ENOUGH. THEN CAME DEMOCRATS AND REPUBLICANS WHO WERE MORE RADICAL. |
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| A TERM THAT HISTORIC ERIC PLEWBSBAWM USED FOR THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHANGES THAT TENDED TO FUSE AND REINFORCE EACH OTHER AFTER 1815. IT LASTED UNTIL 1848 AND IN IT THE HOLY ALLIANCE WAS CREATED BY AUSTRIA, PRUSSIA && RUSSIA. |
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| THE MIDDLE CLASS MINORITY WHO OWNED MEANS OF PRODUCTION AND, ACCORDING TO MARX, EXPLOITED THE WORKING CLASS PROLETARIAT WOULD CONQUER THEM IN A VIOLENT REVOLUTION. MARX REPEATED THAT THEY PLAYED THEIR RULE OF ALMOST 100 YEARS THEY HAVE CREATED MORE COLOSSAL PRODUCTIVE FORCES THEN HAVE ALL THE GENERATIONS BEFORE PUTTING THEM TOGETHER. |
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| AN INTERNATIONALLY ORIENTED ARISTOCRAT WHO MADE A BRILLIANT DIPLOMATIC CAREER IN AUSTRIA. HIS DETEREMINED DEFENSE OF THE STATUS QUO MADE HIM A VILLIAN IN THE EYES OF MOST PROGRESSIVE, OPTIMISTIC HISTORIANS OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. HE ISSUSED THE CARLSBAD DECREES THAT ROOTED OUT SUBVERSIZE IDEAS IN UNIVERSITIES AND NEWSPAPERS. |
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| THE INDUSTRIAL WORKING CLASS WHO ACCORDING TO MARX WERE BOURGEOISIE. MARX BELIEVED THAT THEY WOULD CONQUER THE BOURGEOISIE IN A REVOLUTIONARY BATTLE. THEY WERE CONSTANTLY GROWING IN SIZE AND IN CLASS CONCIOUSNESS. |
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A MOVEMENT AT ITS HEIGHT FROM ABOUT 1790 TO THE 1840'S THAT WAS IMPART A REVOLT AGAINST CLASSICISM AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT. CHARACTERIZED BY A BELIEF IN EMOTIONAL EXUBERANCE, UNRESTRAINED IMAGINATION, AND SPONTAINEITY IN BOTH ART AND PERSONAL LIFE.
MUSIC AND ART WAS BROUGHT TO THE PEASANTS FOR MORE THAN JUST CHURCH, AND NOBLEMEN LISTENED TO MUSIC FOR MORE THAN JUST TO HELP THEM DIGEST THEIR FOOD. THE MOVEMENT INSPIRED MANY TO WRITE BOOKS AND SHARE THEM WITH ALL THEY COULD. |
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1815 CORN LAWS BANNED THE IMPORTATION OF GRAINS UNLESS HOUSING PRICE ROSE. THIS BENEFITED ARISTOCRACY ONCE WAR STRUCK, GRAIN IMPORTATION WAS ALLOWED, BUT DECREASED THE BENEFIT TO THE ARISTOCRACY.
CORN LAWS RESULTED IN UNEMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC DISTRESS. |
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PROTEST AT SAINT PETER'S FIELDS IN MANCHESTER. LATER WAS BROKEN UP BY ARMED CALVARY. THE PROTEST WAS A RESULT OF THE CORN LAWS AND ITS AFFECTS.
AFTERWARDS SIX-ACTS WORE PASSED WHICH CONTROLLED TAXATION AND GOT RID OF MASS MEETINGS. AS USUAL THERE WAS A REACTION TO SOMETHING THE PEOPLE DISAGREED ON. |
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HAD SUCCESS BY TURNING BRITAIN INA DEMOCRATIC DIRECTION AND ALLOWING A HOUSE OF COMMONS TO CARRY OUT. THE VOTING RIGHTS OF MEN INCREASED TO 50%, 12% OF ADULTMEN OF IRISH OR BRITAIN HAD RIGHT TO VOTE. DECENT AMOUNT OF FARMERS COULD ALSO VOTE.
VOTING RIGHTS BECAME OF ACCESS AND BROUGHT A MORE NATIONALIZED STATE/ COUNTRY. |
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GREAT FAMINE STRUCK IRISH TERRITORY SINCE POTATOS HAD BEEN A MAIN DIET FOR THE IRISH IT BECAME A DEPENDENT CROP FAILURE THEN MADE IT DIFFICULT FOR PEOPLE TO FEED THEMSELVES NOR THEIR FAMILY. OUT BREAKS OF FEVER STARTED TO SPREAD AND 1 MILLION PEOPLE FLED BUT 1.5 MILLION DIED.
THE GREAT FAMINE IS A DAMAGING AFFECT ON PEOPLE AND THE COUNTRY IRELAND BECAME INTENSIFIED WITH EMOTIONS, REFORMS, RILL AND INDEPENDENCE. |
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