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| A reason or purpose for behavior. |
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| A view that explains human behavior as motivated by automatic, involuntary, and unlearned responses. |
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| Innate, automatic dispositions toward responding in a particular way when confronted with a specific responses. |
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| The tendency for organisms to keep their physiological systems at a stable, steady level by constantly adjusting themselves in response to change. |
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| A theory of motivation stating that motivation arises from imbalances in homeostasis. |
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| Biological requirements for well-being that are created by an imbalance in homeostasis. |
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| A psychological state of arousal created by an imbalance in homeostasis that prompts an organism to take action to restore balance and reduce the drive. |
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| Drives that arise from basic biological needs. |
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| Drives that arise through learning and can be as motivating as primary drives. |
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| A theory of motivation stating that behavior is directed toward attaining desirable stimuli and avoiding unwanted stimuli. |
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| The modification through experience of preexisting behavior and understanding. |
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| The process of adapting to stimuli that do not change. |
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Definition
A procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response
until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response. |
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| Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) |
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Definition
| A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning. |
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| Unconditioned Response (UCR) |
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Definition
| The automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus. |
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| Conditioned Stimulus (CS) |
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Definition
| The originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditional stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response. |
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| Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Definition
| The response that the conditioned stimulus elicits. |
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Definition
| The gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior. |
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| The quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction. |
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| The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli. |
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| A phenomenon in which a conditioned response is elicited by stimuli that are similar but not identical to the conditioned stimulus. |
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| A process through which individuals learn to differentiate among similar stimuli and respond appropriately to each one. |
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| A law stating that if a response made in the presence of a particular stimulus is followed by satisfaction, the response is more likely the next time the stimulus is encountered. |
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| A process through which an organism learns to respond to the environment in a way that produces positive consequences and avoids negative ones. |
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| A response that has some effect on the world. |
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| A stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again. |
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| Stimuli that strengthen a response if they follow that response. |
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| Unpleasant stimuli, such as pain, that strengthen a response if they are removed following that response. |
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| The process through which a particular response is made more likely to recur. |
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| Reinforces that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water. |
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| A reward the people or animals learn to like. |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism learns to make a particular response in order to terminate an aversive stimulus. |
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Definition
| A type of learning in which an organism responds to a signal in a way that responds to a signal in a way that prevents exposure to an aversive stimulus. |
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Definition
| Presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus; a therapy method that weakens undesirable behavior by following it with an unpleasant stimulus. |
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Definition
| Stimuli that signal whether reinforcement is available if a certain response is made. |
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Definition
| The process of reinforcing responses that come successively closer to the desired response. |
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Definition
| A pattern in which a reinforcer is delivered every time a particular response occurs. |
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Definition
| A pattern in which a reinforcer is administered only some of the time after a particular response occurs. |
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Term
| Fixed-Ratio (FR) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses. |
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| Variable-Ratio (VR) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses. |
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| Fixed-Interval (FI) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time. |
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| Variable-Interval (VI) Reinforcement |
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Definition
| A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time. |
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Definition
| In operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced. |
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Definition
| The gradual disappearance of operant behavior due to elimination of rewards for that behavior. |
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Term
| Partial Reinforcement Effect |
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Definition
| A phenomenon in which behaviors learned under a partial reinforcement schedule are more difficult to extinguish than behaviors learned on a continuous reinforcement schedule. |
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Definition
| Learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment. |
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| Learning that is not demonstrating at the time it occurs. |
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Definition
| A mental representation of the environment. |
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| A sudden understanding about what is required to solve a problem. |
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| Observational Learning (social learning) |
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Definition
| Learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Conditions that allow us to learn by watching what happens to others. |
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