Term
| what is a vital statistic in behavior genetics? |
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Definition
| correlation, which ranges from -1 t0 +1 is vital to behavioral genetics in order to provide an index of the magnitude of how strongly two variables are related to one another |
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Term
| how many genes are shared by identical twins, paternal twins/siblings, and half siblings? |
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Definition
| 100%, roughly 50%, 25% of genes are shared by these siblings, respectively. |
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Term
| What are the variance types of behavioral genetics? |
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Definition
1. additive variation (A)
2. common/shared environmental variation (C)
3. nonshared environmental variation (E) |
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Term
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Definition
| genes with does-response relations. said gene is the primary contributor to heritability in most psychological traits. includes direct and indirect effects of genes |
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Term
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Definition
h^2
the percentage of population variation in an outcome that can be accounted for by genetic variation |
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Term
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Definition
| environmental influences that occur at the family level. reflects influences of environments experienced by both siblings that have the same effect on them. ex- family income, school quality, parental affection |
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Term
| nonshared environment (E) |
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Definition
| environments that are uniquely experienced by individual siblings, or environments that are experienced by both siblings but have different effects on them. ex- different treatment from parents, different schools, chance experience and ecounters |
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Term
| what are some assumptions about ACE models? |
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Definition
1. twins are representative of the general population
2. MZ twins aren't treated more similarly to one another than DZ twins
3. no assortative mating |
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Term
| How much of IQ is due to genes? |
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Definition
| 50-70% of IQ is attributed to genetic factors |
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Term
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Definition
| the IQ paradox is that although we know potent environmental factors exist, classical behavioral genetics suggest that they should not exist. |
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Term
| what is a possible resolution to the IQ paradox? |
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Definition
| realization of genetic potential of cognitive development results from the accumulation of environmental experiences and depends on exposure to high quality environmental contexts over time. |
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Term
| what are the findings concerning the importance of genetic influence on cognitive development as the child matures? |
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Definition
| there is evidence that as the child develops, the heritability of cognitive ability increases. |
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Term
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Definition
| a model of the relationship between genetics and environment in cognitive development that states that early genetically influenced behaviors lead a person to select environments that causal effects on cognition and reinforce the original behaviors. Ex- a person with high IQ is often integrated into environments that are conducive to further IQ increases. |
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Term
| bidirectional associations |
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Definition
| often consistent with transactional models, bidirectional associations are relationships between variables that are both causes and effects. Ex- a child's disposition for learning affects their later test scores which in turn affect their later disposition toward learning. |
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Term
| gene-environment correlation |
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Definition
| environmental experiences become sorted on the basis of individuals' genetically influenced traits. genetically similar people experience more similar environments. |
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Term
| what are some possible reasons for the increased influence of genetics in cognitive heritability? |
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Definition
1. the feed-back loop of the transactional model amplifies genetically influenced traits
2. "new" genes, such as those that begin to express themselves post-puberty, come into play |
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Term
| what is the implications of SES on genetic heritability |
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Definition
| high levels of SES result in more abundant and higher-quality opportunities for genetically influenced behavioral selection to choose from. |
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Term
| what influence does Gene X SES interaction have? |
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Definition
| It has been indicated that genetic influences on cognition are suppressed by socioeconomic disadvantages. |
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Term
| how much is of BMI is heritable? |
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Definition
| 55-85% of BMI is heritable and this increases with age (just as found in cognition) |
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Term
| where do most non genetic effects come from? |
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Definition
| most non genetic effects on BMI are non shared environmental factors |
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Term
| how does one overcome genetics? |
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Definition
| in the case of BMI regulation, one can overcome genetics with a healthy environment and lifestyle that counter acts gene-related risks |
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Term
| shared environment effect |
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Definition
| the extent to which family environment makes members more similar than would be expected from their genetic relatedness. this becomes less influential with age |
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Term
| the higher SES, the _____ genetics matter. |
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Definition
| Higher SES, the more genetics matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of patterns, causes and effects of health conditions in defined populations. Also, identifies risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare. |
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Term
| what are the targets of epidemiology? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| mechanism of transmission |
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Term
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Definition
| person or group susceptible to certain causal agents |
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Term
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Definition
| factors that are not part of agent or host but that influence their interaction, i.e. living conditions |
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Term
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Definition
| number of new cases added during a specific time period |
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Term
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Definition
| total number of cases of a disease at a given point in time |
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Term
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Definition
| made a map during the 1854 cholera outbreak and discovered the diseases centralization around a certain water pump, lead to the discovery of cholera as a water-based disease and the eventual development of metropolitan health management. |
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Term
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Definition
1. age of pestilence and famine
2. age of receding pandemics
3. age of degenerative and man made diseases
although this didn't occur universally, these transitions represent a lowering and stabilization of death and birth rates as well as a shift from communicable to non-communicable diseases. |
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Term
| age of pestilence and famine |
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Definition
| marked by high and fluctuating mortality rates, particularly in mothers and infants. not very much food, slow population grown, LE of about 20-40 years. |
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Term
| age of receding pandemics |
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Definition
| mortality progressively declines, rate of epidemics decreases frequency, life expectancy increases to 30-50 years, population growth is beginning to become exponential. |
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Term
| the age of degenerative and man mad diseases |
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Definition
| mortality continues to decline to a stable and relatively low level. chronic conditions become prevalent and health is increasingly dependent on life choices. |
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Term
| major variables in psychosocial epidemiology |
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Definition
1. stress
2. quantity/quality of relationships
3. health behaviors
4. personality traits
5. SES
6. cognitive ability, genes |
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Term
| methods of study in psychosocial epidemiology |
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Definition
1. survey methodology (cross-sectional/retrospective longitudinal/prospective)
2. biomedical data (interview, physical exam)
3. secondary analyses (official records, census) |
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Term
| what are some issues with survey methodology? |
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Definition
1. self reports are subject to bias
2. measurement problems
3. specificity of terms
4. expensive
5. causal order |
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Term
| what are some causes for network effects? |
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Definition
induction- adapting to your network's habits or norms
homophily- birds of feather fly together
confoundability- y'all share a common exposure to some sort of explanatory variable |
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