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| cells that transmit information within the nervous system |
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| cells that serve as support system for neurons in the nervous system |
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| fibers projecting from cell body that are receptors for information from other neurons |
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| contains the nucleus of the cell, other important biological machinery that keep the cell alive, and determines if the electrical impulse gets sent or not |
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| long single fiber coming out of the cell body; electrical impulse travels down it to the axon terminals |
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| fatty white substance that provides and insulating layer for the axons; myelinated axons have faster impulse travel |
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| naturally occuring chemical in the nervous system that transfers information between neurons. |
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| the gap between the axon terminal and the receptor site on the dendrites...neurotransmitters fil this area to travel across to the dendrites |
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| positron emission tomography; shows images of brain activity by picking up on positrons released from radioactive glucose injected in the bloodstream |
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| functional magnetic resonance imaging; images of brain activity by detecting levels of oxygen...the more active a brain area is, the more oxygen it receives; noninvasive, more accurate |
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| one that increases the activity of one or more neurotransmitters |
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| one that decreases activity of one or more neurotransmitters |
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| neurotransmitter involved in learning, memory, and muscle movement |
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| neurotransmitter involved in arousal and mood states, thought processes, and physical movement |
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| disease in which person has low levels of dopamine in the basal ganglia, which leads to uncontrolled muscle movements and tremors, and difficulty initiating movements |
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| blood capillaries form a protective barrier around the brain, only letting selective substances get through |
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| drug for parkinsons disease, can get through blood-brain barrier, increases dopamine production; can cause schizophrenic side effects |
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| serotonin and norepinepherin |
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| neurotransmitters involved in levels of arousal and mood, sleep, and eating |
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| selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; selectively blocks reuptake of serotonin so as to have an agonistic effect - more serotonin in the synapse |
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| selective serotonin and norepinephrin reuptake inhibitor; selectively blocks the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine so as to have an agonistic effect |
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| gamma-aminobutyric acid; main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, involved in lowering arousal and anxiety and regulating movement |
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| main excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system; involved in memory storage, pain perception, strokes and schizophrenia |
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| neurotransmitters involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure |
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| CNS - brain and spinal cord |
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| Peripheral Nervous System |
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| PNS - part of the nervous system that connects the CNS to the body's sensory receptors, muscles, and glands |
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| neurons located only in the CNS, communicate to each other as well as to motor and sensory neurons |
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| neurons located in the PNS, carry movement commands from the CNS to the rest of the body |
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| neurons located in the PNS, carry sensory input from the PNS to the CNS |
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| group of neurons connecting the brain to the PNS, responsible for incoming data from sensory neurons and outgoing commands to motor neurons |
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| simple automatic actions initiated by the spinal cord without need for involvement of the brain, like knee-jerk reflex |
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| somatic (skeletal) nervous system |
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| carries sensory input from receptors to the CNS and relays commands from the CNS to skeletal muscles to control their movement |
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| part of the PNS that regulates the functioning of internal environment, like glands and organs |
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| sympathetic nervous system |
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| part of the autonomic nervous system; is responsible for when we are highly aroused, as in an emergency; expends energy and speeds up functions |
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| parasympathetic nervous system |
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| part of the autonomic nervous system; responsible for our functioning when we are in a normal resting state; conserves energy and slows down functions |
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| endocrine glandular system |
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| other major communication system of the body; hormones are secreted by endocrine glands, travel through bloodstream to their target sites |
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| chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands; similar to neurotransmitters except they must travel via bloodstream instead of being directly transported to their target site |
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| most influential gland of endocrine system; secretes growth hormones and also hormones that direct other glands to begin producing their own hormones; controlled by the hypothalamus |
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| complex psychological state involving physiological arousal, behavioral expression of the emotion, and cognitive appraisal of the situation to determine specific emotion and its intensity |
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| Theory of emotion that proposes emotion is determined from a cognitive appraisal of the physiological and behavioral responses that happen first (back away from bear, determine you are scared) |
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| Emotion theory that says cognitive, behavioral, and physiological responses to emotion all happen simultaneously but seperately |
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| Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory |
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| Emotion theory saying that emotion is determined by cognitive appraisal of the physiological arousal and the entire environmental situation, and draws on memory to determine what the emotion is and the intensity of it. |
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| brain stem structure involved in essential body functions, like heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, digestion, and swallowing |
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| brain stem structure that serves as a bridge between cerebellum and rest of the brain; involved in sleep and dreaming |
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| network of neurons running up the center of the brain stem, responsible for our different levels of arousal and consciousness |
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| involved in coordination of our movements, sense of balance, and motor learning |
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| part of the brain that serves as a relay station for incoming sensory information except olfactory |
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| part of the brain involved in initiation and execution of movements |
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| group of brain structures that play an important role in survival, memory, and emotions |
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| regulates basic drives such as eating, drinking, and sex; directs endocrine glandular system and autonomic nervous system |
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| involved in formation of memories |
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| part of the brain involved in emotions; influences aggression, anger, and fear; provides emotional element of memories and helps interpret emotional expressions in others |
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| layers of interconnected cells covering brain's two hemisphers; control and info-processing center for nervous system; where all high-level cognitive procession occurs |
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| bundle of nerves connecting two hemispheres, allowing them to communicate |
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| in front of central fissure, above lateral fissure; contains motor cortex |
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| behind central fissure, above lateral fissure; contains somatosensory cortex |
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| beneath lateral fissure; contains primary auditory cortex |
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| lower back of each cerebral hemisphere; contains primary visual cortex |
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| strip of cortex in frontal lobe directly in front of central fissure that allows us to move different parts of our body |
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| strip of cortex in parietal lobe directly behind central fissure that allows us to sense pressure, temperature, and pain in different parts of our body, as well as body part position |
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| 70% of cerebral cortex; so called because all higher-level cognitive processing goes on that requires integration of information from multiple area |
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| area in cerebral cortex responsible for fluent speech production; usually located in left frontal lobe, not both sides |
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| area in cerebral cortex responsible for comprehension of speech and text; located in left temporal lobe, not both sides |
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| individual's subjective awareness of their inner thinking and feeling and their external environment |
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| rapid eye movement sleep; characterized by rapid eye movements and brain wave patterns; resembles those of an awake state; where most dreaming occurs; brain is highly active as if awake but body is immobilized |
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