Term
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Definition
| demography is the study of populations processes, size, and composition and their changes. |
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Term
| what are the population process studied in demography |
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Definition
the processes studied in demography are fertility, mortality, and migration:
P1-P2=B-D+IM-OM |
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Term
| what are some ares that demographers inevitably study in order to gain insight to fertility, migration, and mortality? |
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Definition
| demographers end up studying families, spatial distribution, and health |
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Term
| at what level of study do demographers work? |
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Definition
| demographers work at the 'population' level rather than clinical or convenience samples |
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Term
| What is the importance of empirical rigor in demography? |
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Definition
| the legitimacy and credibility of demographic studies are dependable on the level of quality of their data and the methodology used. |
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Term
| what is the main goal of demography? |
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Definition
| the main goal of demography is to explain why populations change and what factors contribute to the disparities between groups based in time, place, etc. by providing documentation through data and facts, attempting to find a cause and provide an explanation, and examining the implications. |
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Term
| how does the US rank compared to other high income countries on mortality, survival, and life expectancy and why? |
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Definition
| The US ranks at or near the bottom of nearly all indications of mortality, survival, and life expectancy. However, there doesn't seem to be any one primary cause of death suggests that there is no singular cause. |
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Term
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Definition
| body mass index= height/weight |
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Term
| what classifies an individual as overweight? obese levels 1,2, and 3? |
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Definition
| a BMI of +25, 30-35, 35-40, +40, respectively. |
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Term
| What was the Bogalusa Heart Study? |
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Definition
| the Bogalusa Heart study was a long term study that conducted bi annual examination of all school children to try and identify risk factors in childhood that could indication cardiovascular disease latter in life. |
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Term
| What were the findings of the Bogalusa Heart study? |
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Definition
| The study clearly established that heart disease begins in childhood by discovering a strong correlation between risk factors found in children and autopsies of heart disease patients. These factors included high cholesterol and blood pressure, as well as 77% of obese children remaining obese in adult hood. |
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Term
| how many Americans are capable of maintaining an healthy weight? |
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Definition
| Only 1/3 of Americans able to maintain an healthy weight. |
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Term
| When did American obesity levels spike? |
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Definition
| From 1960-2008, American obesity levels increased by 80%. Now roughly 1/3 of the country is classified as overweight. |
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Term
| Although obesity as traditionally been linked to ______ poverty and particular regions such as ______, what has happened to these levels? |
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Definition
| Although obesity has been traditionally linked to poverty and certain regions, such as the south, these levels have evened out. |
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Term
| how are genes related to obesity? |
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Definition
| hundred of genes contribute to weight gain, particularly those that control food intake. these genes are often a result of a gen by environment interaction. |
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Term
| what factors are key to cardiovascular health? |
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Definition
1. Low blood pressure
2. lean BMI
3. no diabetes
4. no smoking
5. proper activity levels
6. optimal cholesterol levels
7. healthy diet |
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Term
| what are some health risks of obesity? |
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Definition
1. heart disease
2. cryptogenic sorosis: stiffening of the liver
3. increases in cholesterol and blood pressure
4. chronic diseases such as cancer, arthritis, dementia, diabetes, etc. |
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Term
| what's the difference between type one and two diabetes? |
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Definition
type 1: you don't have the blood sugar or insulin to utilize blood sugar
type 2: you don't have the ability to utilize your blood sugar. |
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Term
| what are the economic implications of the obesity epidemic? |
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Definition
1. collectively costs roughly 150 billion dollars a year
2. some businesses have begun to require higher premiums for overweight employees
3. a healthy workforce is vital |
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Term
| in terms of empirical importance, what makes the bolugasa credible? |
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Definition
| the longer they study follows the patient, the more reliable the data is. So, because bolugasa stayed with these children from childhood into adult hood, the correlations between their childhood risk factors and health issues in adult hood were very strong and clear. |
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Term
| what is the significance of the woman who ate nothing but fast food for several weeks? |
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Definition
| this study focused on weight gain rather than weight loss, thus providing a control and a treatment. The study isolated the factor of fast food/caloric intake and analyzed it as being a feasible cause of obesity. |
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Term
| what are some causes of obesity? |
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Definition
| genetics, health behaviors, poverty, education, and environment are some causes of obesity |
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Term
| what are some consequences of obesity? |
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Definition
| Mortality, chronic diseases, and discrimination are some consequences of obesity. |
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Term
| How should we evaluate studies on obesity? |
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Definition
When evaluating studies on obesity, it is important to evaluate:
1. number of respondents
2. how respondents where chosen
3. characteristics (such as SES) of respondents
4. how the study was funded
5. timeframe of study
6. how variables were measured
7. what variables were included |
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Term
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Definition
| a relationship between two variables which shows that the change in the "caused" is explained by the "cause" |
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Term
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Definition
| the "cause" is prior to the change "caused," somethings will never come after others |
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Term
| what was Dr. Attia's main argument? |
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Definition
| that it is important to question our current 'standards' and outlook on obesity and diabetes. He makes the argument that obesity could be a symptom of insulin resistance rather than a cause of it. This alternative interpretation of the correlation of obesity and diabetes is an example of alternative time order. |
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Term
| what is one example of why obese women have higher rates of cervical cancer? |
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Definition
| obese women are less likely to go to the doctor due to weight-based prejudice, thus less likely to get pap smears and diagnosed early on. however, this does not mean that obesity CAUSES cervical cancer. |
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Term
| What is the obesity paradox? |
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Definition
| either being overweight/obesity is only weakly related to mortality and might even be protective or it is responsible for almost 20% of US adult deaths. |
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Term
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Definition
| recent cohorts of adults who have grown up in an environment that supports both a higher likely hood of these people being overweight/obese and a higher likely hood that they will live more and more years overweight |
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Term
| what is usually the main cause of obesity myths? |
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Definition
| third party variables are often responsible for weight loss myths. for example- 'breast feeding is protective against obesity' but this statement does not take into account SES as a third party variable of the frequency of breast feeding. SES opens a door to a whole new set of explanatory variables that are not taken into account by the original claim. |
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Term
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Definition
| meta-analysis is a statistical analysis of multiple studies on a common subject |
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Term
| what are some myths about obesity? |
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Definition
1. breast feeding protects against obesity
2. PE classes play an important role in preventing childhood obesity
3. Large, rapid weight loss is associated with poorer long-term weight outcomes than slow, gradual weight loss
4. small sustained changes in energy intake/expenditures will produce large, long-term weight changes
5. setting realistic goals in obesity treatment is important otherwise patients lose moral and fail. |
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