(Centralization of Federal Power) 

1.25 Million Casualties 

623,000 Dead

No American family went w/out a casualty 

more casualties than all American wars combined 

centralizing power w/in federal government 

1st Modern War- people not only soldiers

13th Amendment (ending slavery) 

Modern Nation State

Industrial Capitalism 

Western Expansion (increase)

   United States are a "Union"

"Nation" did not appear in the Constitution; came after                                     Abe

Federal Government came second to the State           Government 

cleared the way to becoming an Industrial Power. 

Reconstruction 

Linclon's Plan- Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana

10%

Pardon (except high ranking officials)

getting the states back in the union 

Andrew Johnson took over after Abe was shot and continued his plan

(Republican)

favored a sweeping transformation of Southern Society based upon freed slaves full-fledged citizenship; hoped to reconstruct southern society so as to dismantle the planter elite and Democratic Party. 

Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens 

wanted to punish the south

Destroy "Old South" Planter Elite

Disenfranchise former Confederates

Only loyalists before war

Most of the Presidents were Southerns unit of the Civil War

All people who participated could not vote

Disenfranchised- lost vote.

Congressional- moderate

Radical- punishing

High Ranking Confederate

No Real Reconstruction

Impeached Pres. Andrew Johnson over plan

overrides Presidential Veto

Martial Law- military enforces the law not the police; citizens have the right of constitution

disenfranchised except loyalist

KKK- violance/threats/killings (terrorist movement)

South Carolina, Florida, Louisiana 

threaten slaves/beat people based off of belief

Democratic Party- for slavery

Republican Party- anti-slavery

won popular vote; electoral vote was in question

Election of 1877

Election of 1877

Samuel Tilden won Popular Vote

Rutherford B Hayes won Electoral Vote

Agreed to let Hayes win if and only if they brought troops out and the martial law 

Republican Party won the war: primary goal to save economy; they were for industrial (modern) economy

Movement toward industrialization

Industrialization

&

Conditions for Industrialization

(better vs. worse)

political realignment

natural resources (coal, oil, energy)

new technology

standarization (ex. nut and bolt)

Leadership

Government Encouragement: make businesses more profitable 

Contributions of Agricultural Sector: increase of agricultural products to distribute to the world.

USA and Germany

Leading Sectors in US- railroads; telegraph and telephone; energy; steel

End of the 3 mile an hour world- rapid tech invetion of railroad (moved to 30 mph)

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)- authorized the construction of a rail line along a north-central route, west from Omhaha, Nebraska and east to Sacramento, California

Built by the Union Pacific and Central Pacific

Chinese Labor brought an increase in diversity

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT PAID FOR MOST OF RAILROAD

private companies, corporate bonds to investors, federal subsidies- land grants, tax breaks, and loans

couldn't get people to invest in railroads (land locked)

government encouraged production of railroads

40-60% bankrupt (1890) 

successful business person only had shady needs 

instrumental to industry

Jay Gould and Cornelius Vanderbilt

(not a good guy)

make improvements to railroads with fake products to save money

(good guy)

wealthiest man in the USA

made a shipping fraight line 

Vanderbilt- Biltmore (wealthy)

Inventions 

(late 19th Century)

Electrical- light bulb, vacuum, sewing machine, transformers

Agriculture- barbed wire, reapers

Mecahnical- gas engines

Communication- telephone, telegraph (1840)

(too much money; enormously wealthy)

Entrepreneurial Spirit- make something for yourself by getting into different businesses "can do spirit"

Scientific Spirit- inventions for industrial revolution science improvements

"not intrested in selling but are you intrested in buying"

Father- womanizer, sold patended medicines (travel to sell meds)

Mother- devoted baptist; raised John D.

Frugality- don't waste money

(Civil War)- Early Entrepreneurial Activities- gain business sell to union and gov for soldiers

(After Civil War)- Upper-middle class

"It ain't Water"- discovered oil in Wester Penn. (1869); Exploited by investers

Caused bid wars in Penn, Erie, and NY Central

Wanted to take over everything monopolize it and hated any type of competition 

Titusville, Penn (1859)

Rockefeller began to think of a business

Market Possibilities- price of petroleum goes down and petroleum distilled turned into keroseen

1909- Rockefeller richest person in the world 

W. Penn- oil into barrels then shipped to refinerries and made into kerosean

3 railroads connected to W. Penn to E. Penn

Origins- around couple hundred years buy stock and own a portion of the company

You could only loose the amount you put into it

must be incorporated to stay safe from loosing everything

Adam Smith- corporations immoral; business should be partnerships; corporations are for public goods

Late 19th Century Revival- Rockefeller vs. Smith in which better coorporations/ capitalist businesses (Rockefeller believed in monopoly (modern corporations)

Monopoly vs. Capitalism

limitations

Prevention of monopoly

couldn't own any property outside of the state border

Southern Improvement Company

(early 70s/Rockefeller)

FAILED!!!

consolidation of railroads and refiners 

to control prices

Rebates

Ultimate Failure because of public outcry

forced to file bankruptcy or buyout

FAILED!!!!

nine trustees held stock in trust (of all companies)

dissolved by Ohio

END PRODUCT! DIDN'T FAIL

arrangement for a holding company

Holding Company- one company can only own stock of other companies (used today) (modern capitalism)

Rockefeller became the wealthiest person in the world by this time

Andrew Carneige

"From Rags to Riches"

immigrant from Scottland

father- not there- raised by mother 

Early Career- textile/telegrapher/ district superintendent

Frugal Man- save money to make something (work ethic)

Steel- Bessemer Furnance (make steel cheaply) befor Bessemer Furnance it was expensive to make steel (Bessemer, AL (steel town)

Promoter and Salesman- hired tech experts and loyal managers; highly rewarded and hired only people he could trust

first billion dollar corporation (in the world)

sold stock to investers (mills to investers) and to investment bankers

investment banker-raises capital by buying stock

banking family (from England)

sold the stock to make corporation 

came into through wealth

Before- cheep land

After- high paying jobs

ONE WAREHOUSE SOLD ALL OVER

Retail Company

Cataloge shipped supplies all over the US

Origins (1830s) labor unions

shortage of labor in America

corporations advertised in European Newspapers

Central/Eastern/Southern European Immigrants

shortage of labor until the past five years

shortage of labor was normal 

legal until 20th century

textiles, coal mining, food canning where common places of work for children

up unitl 1900

Property Rights over Rights of Labor

John Locke and limited rights

education poor

60-70 hour workweeks (normal)

normal pay was approxamently $3.50 (equivalent to 2009)

Dangerous- right of property more powerful then right of people 

could only vote with property and had to be white 

capitol- means of production

the less pay (low wages) the more money corporations have

(example would be China now) 

forefront of the protest of labor

Irish 

Coal Mining in Penn

Terrorism- led protest against working conditions and Maguires-violance 

started in Martinsburg, West Virginia

interstate strike (widespread)

wage cuts during depression 

state militias (now national guard)

federal used to break it up

AFL ONLY SUCCESSFUL

political and social change

eight hour workday, paper money, women and African American rights (up until now mainly used coins)

Inflation- increase supply (amount) of money relative to the supply of goods and sevices

FAILED

Uriah Stephens Joiner

Boycotts rather than strikes

geographic organization

European in Origin 

no government (don't believe in government everyone has there own individual organization)

violence- response to labor rights

FAILED

Chicago

International Harvester killed 

Anarchist Rally in Haymarket Square

bomb killed one police officer

several police officers wounded

four demonstrators killed

seven anarchist convicted on Scanty (not enough evidence to be guilty) evidence

Samuel Gompers founder of AFL (American Federation of Laborers)

Socialist- government owns major means of stuff and regulates the rest

organized skilled trades (only skilled)

Unionism "Pure and Simple" (language)

Orginially British Socialist 

current labor is organized today

Homestead (1892) lost

Pullman (1894) lost

both hurt the labor union

Pittsburgh

Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers

Henry Clay Frick

Negotiations for New Contract failed

lockouts

Pinkertons (soldiers)

7 workers and 3 pinkertons killed

8500 state militia and union died

Company won and union lost

Pullman, Illinois

(higher rents and utilities; company store)

over half employees laid off

25% and 40% wage reduction

three members of Wage Grievance committee fired

US mail and federal troops

American Railway Union

George Pullman Rejects Arbitration

Strikes-breakers hired

most roads in midwest shutdown

federal troops to enforce an injuction

Debs Arrested

Debs won the popular vote back in the election of 1912 of 6%

Wobblies 

IWW (industrial Workers of the World)

violant, lowest class, no skills, western federation

SOUTH EMBRACED INDUSTRIALIZATION

built more textiles and tobacco companies

advocating new industries

Timber and Mining big in the South

New Agriculture:

Sharecropping (own something or nothing; started in the south but was throughout America)

Redeemers and Bourbons 

DIFFERENT BEFORE AND AFTER RECONSTRUCTION BUT THE SAME PEOPLE

redeemers- (KKK) radical reconstruction from republicans in the south and gain control to democratic party; threaten people who didnt vote democratic 

bourbons- influential people (governer, senators, newspaper people) had more political power but same as redeemers

laws were put into place for segrigation

until the civil rights movement (1950)

called Era of Jim Crow

(indoor plumbing, spilit whites and colors)

1890s-1910: Poll Tax- pay a tax to vote

grandfather clause- only could vote if grandfather had vote in the past

The Courts

rule in favor of segregation 

1866 Federal Civil Rights Act

14th Amendment (1866 and 1868)

1875-1883 Discrimination Illegal (civil rights act)

1883 Supreme Court Ruling (no state)

Plessy v. Ferguson 1896

the first ten amendments applied only to federal government not state (federal government restricted)

make sure it was applied to the states not just the federal government 

individual businesses could segregate

education was seperate as long as they were equal

born a slave

accommodation- pull on self up by the boot straps started from the bottom then to the top

gold, silver, and copper

bad for enviroment 

Eroding mountains for gold

Delanega first mined for gold

come to an agreement when it came to the land on which they lived on 

wars came to resolve problems with Indians and Europeans

Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 (land for Indians)

Tribes- sioux, utes, and blackfoot etc.

Seperate from US

Col. George Cluster- Great Sioux War (1874) and Battle of Little Big Horn

Bisin, Buffalo

Demise of the Buffalo- 1750: 30 million; 1900: several hundred

Dawes Act (1887)- everyone together shares the land for indians

Change indians culture

Policy- buy part of land and make it one persons land

not whole tribe private property

horses, cattle, and longhorns

(mustang- first horse in America)

All Kinds of People

(civil war vets, African Americans, Indians, and European Immigrants)

(enables it)

first taranscontinental railroad (1869)

Meat PAcking Industry (shipped all over the country)

Refrigerated Rail Cars (1869)

Cattle Drives- push cattle west on railroad

Gustavo Swift

dirt farmers and fencing (oats and wheat)

more railroads (barbed wire)

gain rights to vote early on and to own property early on in west. 

this is why women wanted to come west for more rights

lured women to west right to vote and own property

(gave women the right to vote even before constitution)

Fredrick Jackson Turner

Frontier Thesis

winners win looser lose keep land frontier freedom for land, prosperity, and etc.

rugidid individuals had equal oppurtunity

America is characterized that we take risks; we are cowboys

moving from the farm to the cities

(cultural to social change in America)

UPPER MIDDLE CLASS

street cars and subways

suburbinization 

skyscrappers (towards the sky)

steel started being made faster

agricultural overproduction (1870 and 1890 depressions)

farmers were poor

caused by overproduction 

overcrowding (tenement housing)

primitive sewage systems 

threat of disease

seperation of family 

(dangerous, only went urban living if they had too, upper-middle class left or were moing away from cities)

committee men, district captains and boss

district captains- gave out money and look for people that were poor/lost jobs to get votes and gave them money

control votes for democtrats

INCREASE IN DIVERSITY

WHITES RULE NATION

east and souther europeans

jews

catholics

radical political ideas

ethnic communities

3 million new immigrants in 1870s to 8.8 million in the first decade of the 20th century

us manufactures advertise over seas

higher wages

hired manufacturing agents

highbrow- orchestra shows (classical music)

Lowbrow- vaudville (tapdancing)

Nobrow (today)

dissappearance of high/lowbrow

not enlightenment

mass audiences- circus, political speeches, wild west shows, sports, and vaudville

LATE 19th Century

parks, tennis courts, sports orginizations

Babe Ruth (baseball)

Saloon Culture 

MEN

saloons- men only

one for every 500 residents in NYC

MOSTLY FOR DRINKING

single- theaters, dance halls, and parks

married- home taking care of house

cinema and cycling 

temperant- drinking alcohol (not extreme)

picked up speed in late 19th century

long history

mostly women fromed unions against alcohol

(anti-saloon league, women christian temperance union)

(after civil war schools started to form)

trippled between 1870 and 1920

americanize

Mainly homeschool before public schools came around

make kids american was the purpose

Higher Education: 1870-157,000

1920-600,000

Curriculm: math, classics, ethics, rhetoric (less on history modern language and science)

Oberlin college, Wesleyan college 1830s

Vassar-1865 (first to grant degrees)

Grad Schools 

German Universities 

Doctorates

realism-civil war, technology

empirical science- science used based off of observation of the senses

chem, electromagnetic, paleontology

Mark Twain (famous realist)

1859!!

origin of species and natural selection 

social-Herbert Spencer- end of small business survival of the fittest

Lester Frank Ward

dynamic sociology

cooperation, not competition 

(eliminate poverty and increase education)

Pragmatism

americans are practical people

darwin

freud 

nietzche

marx

mark twain

stephen crane

social gossable

ethics and social reform

silver or gold plated

living in a world form poor to rich

Mark Twain called gilded

everyone didnt get righ only a few

( get rich only if you worked really hard)

70% to 80% voter turn out in late 19th century

Patronage- means give you money if you give me a government position (kinda like bribing) (routine in the late 19th century)

two party system

southern whites, immigrants, catholics, jews, freethinkers, and skeptics

freethinkers- people who think outside the box

balanced government with equal parties

congress split evanly 

repubican controlled president (uninspiring) 

domenance in legislature

CONGRESS HAD THE MOST CONTROL AND DID ALL THE WORK

custom means tax

imported goods brought in were taxed

tariff (a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.)- protected tariff

REpublicans supported protective tariff

democrats opposed

Tariff issue 19th century was biggest issue of civil war (some describe)

major political issue

Patronage (the power to control appointments to office or the right to privileges)

Crony Capitalism (another form of patronage) 

Rutherford B Hayes and reform

stalwarts-Roscoe Conklin (NY); defended grants corruption; radical reconstruction; patronage

Half-breeds- James G Blaine (maine)

patronage not good; fast radical reconstruction; grant was too corrupt

stalwart

turned to reform

labeled him as "GOO GOOS" (mugwomps) meaning goodie goodie

Grover Cleveland (democrat)

advocated railroad regulation; tariff reform

opposed increase in veterans pension; surplus of income because of tariff 

only president to serve twice one than skipped then served agian

FARMERS WERE SUFFERING

declining commodity prices

resentment by farmers (railroad rates were too high, high tariffs, and debt)

farmers prices had been falling so barrowed money and wanted relief

originally social and educational organization

politics (regulated rail rates)

midwest organization

grang- stores grain

granger- farmers nobel people

greenback party (inflation by paper)

Farmers Alliance (south)- democratic party

Populist PArty- subtreasury plan; free silver (inflation by coinage)

ran for president and vice president for peoples party

great advocate for famers

Populism- Tom Watson and William Jenning Bryan (Missouri)

Philidelphis and Reading Railroad

failure in large british bank

25% unemployment (unskilled workers) 

Similar to great depression

William Jenning Bryan (democrat)

William Mckinley (REpunlican)

"cross of gold"