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-the colonial expansion adopted by Europe's powers and, later, Japan and the United States,
-during the 19th and early 20th centuries,
-"new" is to contrast with the earlier wave of European colonization from the 15th to early 19th centuries,
-The period is distinguished by an unprecedented pursuit of overseas territorial acquisitions,
-Corresponds to the era of the 'Scramble for Africa' |
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-a period from 1750 to 1850,
-changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the social, economic and cultural conditions of the times,
-It began in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Western Europe, North America, Japan, and eventually the rest of the world,
-average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth,
-In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over tenfold,
-while the world's population increased over sixfold |
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-a political ideology that involves a strong identification of a group of individuals with a nation,
-one is the primordialist perspective that describes nationalism as a reflection of the ancient and perceived evolutionary tendency of humans to organize into distinct grouping based on an affinity of birth,
-the other is the modernist perspective that describes nationalism as a recent phenomenon that requires the structural conditions of modern society,
-in order to exist,
-the result of a response by an influential group or groups that is unsatisfied with traditional identities, National flags, national anthems, and other symbols of national identity are commonly considered highly important symbols of the national community |
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-the principle that the legitimacy of the state is created and sustained by the will or consent of its people
-associated with Republicanism and the social contract philosophers
-expresses a concept and does not necessarily reflect or describe a political reality,
-contrasted with the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, and with individual sovereignty,
-also can be described as the voice of the people |
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-from the Latin revolutio, "a turn around”,
-fundamental change in power or organizational structures that takes place in a relatively short period of time,
-Complete change from one constitution to another,
-Modification of an existing constitution,
-results include major changes in culture, economy, and socio-political institutions |
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-the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious (or irreligious) values and secular institutions,
-the belief that as societies "progress" religion loses its authority in all aspects of social life and governance.,
-also used in the context of the lifting of the monastic restrictions from a member of the clergy,
-the modernization of society would include a decline in levels of religiosity |
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-a set of movements and concepts related to ideas of transmutation of species or of evolution,
-In the United States, the term "Darwinism" is often used by creationists as a pejorative term in reference to beliefs such as atheistic naturalism,
-in the United Kingdom the term has no negative connotations, being freely used as a short hand for the body of theory dealing with evolution, and in particular, evolution by natural selection,
-used to describe evolutionary concepts, including earlier concepts,
-came to mean the concept that natural selection was the sole mechanism of evolution |
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-a cultural movement of intellectuals in 18th century Europe and America,
-purpose was to reform society and advance knowledge,
-promoted science and intellectual interchange and opposed superstition, wide distribution of the printing press, invented in Europe in 1440,
-made possible the rapid dispersion of knowledge and ideas which precipitated the Enlightenment.,
-flourished until about 1790–1800 |
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-the first modern school of economic thought,
-major developers include Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John Stuart Mill,
-The Wealth of Nations in 1776 is usually considered to mark the beginning of classical economics,
-was followed by neoclassical economics in Britain beginning around 1870,
-"classical economics" was coined by Karl Marx to refer to Ricardian economics |
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-adopting or coming under the influence of Western culture,
-related to the proccess of acculturation, American culture, food expanding outside of America,
-ex: McDonalds, Wal Mart, etc,
-Also westernization is seen in architecture of buildings |
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-a term often used to refer to economic underdevelopment,
-symptoms of which include lack of access to job opportunities, health care, drinkable water, food, education and housing,
-takes place when resources are not used to their full socio-economic potential,
-the result that local or regional development is slower in most cases than it should be,
-characterized by a wide disparity between their rich and poor populations,
-and an unhealthy balance of trade |
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-a modern name given to various theories of society that emerged in England and the United States in the 1870s,
-allegedly sought to apply biological concepts to sociology and politics
-gained widespread currency when used to oppose earlier ideology that supposedly used concepts of struggle for existence and survival of the fittest,
-social Darwinism has been defined as a theory of social evolution which asserts that "There are underlying, and largely irresistible, forces acting in societies which are like the natural forces that operate in animal and plant communities,
-the term is generally seen as pejorative,
-and few people would describe themselves as Social Darwinists after the war |
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-refers to a model of an evolutionary transition from a 'pre-modern' or 'traditional' to a 'modern' society,
-existing as a template that has been generally followed by societies that have achieved modernity,
-link modernization to the processes of urbanization and industrialization, as well as to the spread of education,
-When modernization increases within a society, the individual becomes that much more important, eventually replacing the family or community as the fundamental unit of society,
-based on the experiences and lessons of other countries |
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-the process of social and economic change that transforms a human group from an agrarian society into an industrial one,
-part of a wider modernisation process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation,
-the extensive organisation of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing,
-also introduces a form of philosophical change where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature, and a sociological process of ubiquitous rationalization,
-As industrial workers incomes rise, markets for consumer goods and services of all kinds tend to expand and provide a further stimulus to industrial investment and economic growth |
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-already-produced durable goods that are used in production of goods or services,
-not significantly consumed, though they may depreciate in the production process,
-must itself be produced by human labor before it can be a factor of production,
-total physical capital may be referred to as the capital stock (which is not to be confused with the capital stock of a business |
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-related under the laws of a state as a separate legal entity that has privileges and liabilities that are distinct from those of its members,
-used to conduct business,
-Most jurisdictions now allow the creation of new corporations through registration,
-Early corporations were established by charter,
-If a corporation fails, shareholders may lose their investments, and employees may lose their jobs, but neither will be liable for debts to the corporation's creditors |
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-a broad term used to describe various efforts to obtain political rights or equality,
-Emancipation stems from "ex manus capere": Take out the hand,
-summarized by one writer as entailing "equal status of individual citizens in relation to the state, equality before the law, regardless of religion, property, or other “private” characteristics of individual people.",
-ex: Voting Rights Act of 1965, Emancipation Proclamation,
-Among others, Karl Marx discussed political emancipation in his 1844 essay "On the Jewish Question", although often in addition to (or in contrast with) the term human emancipation. |
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-the name given to the port cities in China, Japan, and Korea that were opened to foreign trade by the Unequal Treaties,
-first treaty ports in China were British and were established at the conclusion of the First Opium War by the Treaty of Nanking in 1842.,
-the treaty also established five treaty ports at Shanghai, Canton, Ningpo, Fuchow, and Amoy,
-second group of British treaty ports was set up following the end of the Arrow War in 1860,
-eventually more than 80 treaty ports were established in China alone, involving many foreign powers |
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-The geographic area whoose social, economic, and/or environmental conditions is significantly affected,
-it is affected by changes in the study area |
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-a term used in specific reference to a number of treaties imposed by Western powers,
-during the 19th and early 20th centuries,
-term is also applied to treaties imposed during the same time frame on late Joseon Dynasty Korea by the post-Meiji Restoration Empire of Japan.,
-often signed by these Asian states after suffering military defeat in various skirmishes or wars with the foreign powers or when there was a threat of military action by those powers.,
-treaties were considered unequal in China "because they were not negotiated by nations treating each other as equals but were imposed on China after a war |
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-an economic system characterised by social ownership and control of the means of production,
-may refer to any one of, or a combination of, the following: cooperative enterprises, common ownership, direct public ownership or autonomous state enterprises,
-there is no single definition encapsulating all of socialism,
-consist of an organisation of production to directly satisfy economic demands and human needs,
-includes a diverse array of political philosophies, ranging from reformism to revolutionary socialism. |
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-an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history,
-a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism,
-pioneered in the early to mid 19th century by two German philosophers, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels,
-begins with an analysis of material conditions, taking at its starting point the necessary economic activities required by human society to provide for its material needs,
-A Marxist understanding of history and of society has been adopted by academics studying in a wide range of disciplines,
-The impact that Marxist theory had on the socialist movement became far more pronounced in the first part of the 20th century |
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-a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union,
-giving workers in one industry, or in all industries, more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations,
-contrasts with craft unionism, which organizes workers along lines of their specific trades,
-The Knights of Labor (KOL) was a mass organization, embracing nearly any worker who wanted to join,
-Advocates of industrial unionism value its contributions to building unity and solidarity, |
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-describes a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power,
-translates into English as leader or chief, or more pejoratively as warlord, dictator or strongman,
-the term used to refer to the charismatic populist leaders among the people,
-influenced a sizable portion of the history of Latin America,
-first appeared during the early 19th century in revolutionary South America, as a type of militia leader with a charismatic personality and enough of a populist program of generic future reforms to gain broad sympathy |
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-places in the temperate zones of the world
-which they are most like Europe,
-Many Neo-Europes were distinct from Europe but as explorers discovered these lands they changed the landscapes to make it more like their home,
-this was done by terminating natives and introducing a wide variety of new animals and plants,
-Many places in South America... For example, Argentina was a neo Europe, |
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-the French for "civilisatory mission"; in Missão civilizadora,
-rationale for intervention or colonization,
-proposes to contribute to the spread of civilization,
-mostly amounting to the Westernization of indigenous peoples,
-It was influential in the French colonies of Algeria, French West Africa, and Indochina, and in the Portuguese colonies of Angola, Guinea, Mozambique and Timor. |
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| REFORM VS. WESTERNIZATION |
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-Reform means to put or change into an improved form or condition,
-Westernization is adopting or coming under the influence of Western culture,
-Reform is generally distinguished from revolution,
-whereas reform may be no more than fine tuning, or at most redressing serious wrongs without altering the fundamentals of the system,
-Westernization is related to the process of acculturation |
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-Settlement colonies are large groups of people from one country living together in a new country,
-Ex: North America and Australia,
-Areas that were conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants,
-Europeans made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants, |
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-an autonomous territory that is protected diplomatically or militarily against third parties by a stronger state or entity,
-the protectorate usually accepts specified obligations, which may vary greatly, depending on the real nature of their relationship,
-it retains formal sovereignty, and remains a state under international law,
-A second meaning came about as a result of European colonial expansion in the nineteenth century,
-Entities referred to as "international protectorates" can become so subordinated to the protecting power that in effect they lose their independent statehood, though there are exceptions |
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-making or building by means of machines,
-a product of machine activity, |
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-the state of being exempt from the jurisdiction of local law, usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations,
-an also be applied to physical places, such as military bases of foreign countries, or offices of the United Nations,
-three most common cases recognized today internationally relate to the persons and belongings of foreign heads of state, the persons and belongings of ambassadors and certain other diplomatic agents, and ships in foreign waters.,
-often extended to friendly or allied militaries, particularly for the purposes of allowing that military to simply pass through one's territory,
-operates to the prejudice of local jurisdiction |
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