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Definition
| Thomas Jefferson's victory over the Federalists during the election of 1800. Jefferson believed that the Democratic-Republicans would be able to restore the government to its restrained role and implement independence, self-reliance, and equality in the nation again. |
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Democratic-Republican Frigality |
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Definition
| The Democratic-Republicans believed that the government should be restrained and have a limited role in the lives of the people. It contrasted to the Federalists ideals of a monarchical government which possessed more power. |
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The Naturalization Act of 1802 |
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Definition
| The Naturalization Act of 1802 was one of the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 which the Democratic-Republicans has greatly opposed. Congress repealed the act which had required fourteen years of residency for citizenship. |
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The Judiciary Act of 1801 |
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Definition
| Adams had passes the Judiciary Act in the last days of his administration. It created fifteen new judgeships (filled by "midnight" appointments) and reduced the number of Justices on the Supreme Court from six to five. |
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Chief Justice John Marshall |
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Definition
| Adams appointed John Marshall as a chief Justice in his last weeks in office. Marshall was a Virginia Federalist who dominated the Supreme Court making it a Federalist stronghold even after Democratic-Republican justices became the majority in 1811. He continued to protect the interests of commerce and capital and upheld federal supremacy over the states. |
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| The Marbury vs. Madison in 1803 was a crucial test for John Marshall. Marbury SHOULD get the position but if John Marshall issues the Writ of Mandamus he knows the executive branch will not recognize it and if he doesn't issue it then he is undermining the power of the Supreme Court and making it look as though it is weak. He therefore says that it wuld be unconstitutional for the Supreme Court to issue a Writ of Mandamus which allows them to retain their legitimacy. |
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The Theory of Judicial Review |
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Definition
| The Theory of Judicial Review stated that the Supreme Court had the power to decide whether a legislative act contradicted the Constitution. This further enhanced the independence of the judiciary. |
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Term
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Definition
| Virginia governor James Monroe met Robert Livingston, the American Minister in France to try and buy the port of New Orleans and as much of the Mississippi valley as they could. When Monroe arrived in Paris he found that an offer had already been made to sell all of Louisiana to the U.S. for $15 million. The Treaty was signed on April 30. |
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Term
The Lewis and Clark Expedition |
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Definition
| in 1803 Jefferson sent an expedition headed by Lewis and Clark to the Pacific coast via the Missouri and Columbia Rivers. Their mission was to gain knowledge about the land, its people, flora and fauna, and establish commerce between the native people. The expedition began in May 1804 and ended on September 23, 1806. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sacagawea was the pregnant Shoshone woman who joined the Lewis and Clark expedition as a guide and translator. She knew the languages of the mountain Indians and helped Lewis and Clark establish trade relations with them and gain knowledge about their people and the land. |
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Term
The Presidential Election of 1800 |
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Definition
| Democratic-Republicans worked hard to earn the publics trust while the Federalists saw the voters as a separate group unconnected to the political party. Many political magazines and newspapers also came out, usually bad mouthing the opposing party with gossip and highly opinionated views. After the Federalists defeat, a younger generation of Federalists began to imitate the Dem.Republicans by presenting themselves as the people's party. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Twelfth Amendment of 1804 changed the method of voting in the electoral college to allow for a party ticket. |
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Term
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Definition
| After Hamilton thwarted Burr's attempt to steal the election of 1800 from Jefferson and accused Burr of being a liar, Burr challenged him to a duel. Because New York had outlawed dueling, the met across the Hudson River in July 1804. Hamilton did not fire and was killed by Burr who was then indicted for murder. |
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The Burr Conspiracy and Trial |
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Definition
| After being indicted for the murder of Hamilton, Burr schemed to create a new empire carved out of the Louisiana Territory with the help of General James Wilkinson. Wilkinson then switched sides and informed Jefferson of Burr's intentions who was then prosecuted for treason in 1807. Presided over by Justice John Marshall, Burr was acquitted and fled to Europe. |
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Term
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Definition
| A Shawnee Indian, Tecumseh stressed the importance of resisting American aggression and renouncing alcohol and inter-tribal battles. He sought to unify northern and southern Indians. |
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Definition
| In the Battle of Tippecanoe William Henry Harrison, Indiana's Governor, moved against the Prophet and burned the town and dispersed the Prophet and Tecumseh's supporters. This was the end of the unified Native American resistance. |
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Term
The Impressment of American Sailors |
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Definition
| When Britain began to suffer from a shortage of sailors, due to desertion, the Royal Navy began to stop American vessels and impressing their sailors. Six to eight thousand Americans were impressed between 1803 and 1812. |
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Definition
| In June 1807 the U.S.S. Chesapeake left Virginia and met the British Leopard. After the Chesapeake refused to allow the British to search them for deserters the Leopard opened fire killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. This causes Jefferson to put economic pressures on Britain in December of 1807. He invoked the Non-Importation Act and the Embargo Act. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Embargo Act forbade all exports from the U.S. to any country causing exports to drop 80% in 1808. This act causes many Federalists to begin thinking about seceding from the nation. |
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Term
The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 |
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Definition
| The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 reopened trade with all nations except Britain and France and authorized the president to resume trade with Britain or France if either ceased to violate neutral rights. |
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Term
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Definition
| The War of 1812, also known as "Mr. Madison's War" was begun when Madison saw no other alternative in order to alter British policy and sustain American independence. The main reasons for the war were the impressment of American sailors, the British's interference with neutral trading rights, and their alliances with western Indians. |
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Term
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Definition
| The War Hawks were Democratic-Republicans elected to Congress in 1810. They were generally land hungry southerners and westerners led by John C. Calhoun of South Carolina and House Speaker Henry Clay of Kentucky. |
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Term
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Definition
| The Americans had expected to take Canada quickly but after Tecumseh joined the British the plan to invade Canada began to deteriorate. At the Battle of Queenstown, Canada the U.S. Army was defeated when the New York militia refused to leave New York. |
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Term
The Burning of Washington, D.C. |
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Definition
| After defeating Napoleon in Europe in April of 1814, the British launched a land counteroffensive against the U.S. They occupied Washington, D.C. in August and set fire to it as a diversion from the main battle at Baltimore in September 1814. |
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Term
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Definition
| General Andrew Jackson became one of the new heroes after he defeated the Creeks at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in March 1814. On January 8, 1815 Jacksons army met the British head on and killed or wounded more than two thousand British soldiers at the Battle of New Orleans. |
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Term
The Battle of New Orleans |
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Definition
| At the Battle of New Orleans, the British fleet landed in early December but it wasn't until January 8, 1815 that they met General Andrew Jackson and his army. The British suffered more than two thousand deaths and wounding of soldiers and Jackson became a national hero. |
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Term
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Definition
| Two weeks before the Battle of New Orleans a treaty had been signed in Ghent, Belgium ending the war. It was ratified by the Senate on February 17, 1815 and restored the prewar status quo. It didn't really satisfy any American or British demands nor mention impressment, blockades, or other maritime rights for neutrals. |
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