How did industrialization create wealth for the middle class?

·      a) Technology

o   Change from hand tools to power tools

o   Steam engine, which made you able to put your factories anywhere

o   Railroads: With lower transportation costs, you could reach a wider market; lower cost to get your goods

o   Because machines did most of the work, you could hire unskilled labor, which would save you money

·      b) Capitalism

o   Mines and factories are privately owned by individuals or corporations

·      c) Traits that led to success

o   Initiative, vision, ambition, and greed

By the later part of the 19^th century, what factors were helping improve the lives of workers?

·      a) Lives improved through laws

o   The Mines Act: No females in the mines and no boys under 10 in the mines

o   Factory Act of 1833: Minimum work age is 9; 9-13 years old: only work 8 hours a day; 13-18 years old: only work 12 hours a day

o   Another Factory Act: No excessive working hours for women

·      b) Lives improved through political parties

o   SPD: Social Democratic Party

o   1875

o   Pass laws to improve working class conditions

o   Got people elected to the Reichstag

o   It grew to become Germany's biggest political party

·      c) Lives improved through Labor Unions

o   Unions tried to get all workers in certain industry to join

o   Used strikes to put pressure on the mine/factory owners

With strikes, workers got better pay and working conditions

For the industrial working class, what was bad – and good – about their jobs

·      Good

o   Higher pay compared to farm work

o   Work was year-round (unlike farm work)

o   Little or no skill involved

·      Bad

o   The 14-hour day

o   Machines can be dangerous

o   Coal mines caught on fire

o   Factories had dust in air

The beginning of feminism: what were its goals? Its methods?

·      Definition of feminism: Belief that women should not be denied opportunities solely on basis of sex

·      Goals

o   Early in the 19^th century, they fought for rights in:divorce and child custody

o   Late in 19^th century, British (especially) women said they deserved voting rights

·      Methods

o   Britain – women founded the WSPU: Women's Social & Political Union

o   They petitioned Parliament

o   Next: The Pankhurst family took protests to the next level: egged policemen, bombs in letter boxes, breaking windows in department stores (because they sold corsets)

·      a) What reforms were proposed, and why did they fail?

o   Taipings

§  No tobacco or alcohol

§  Feminism

§  Land redistribution, so peasants will have land of their own

§  End footbinding

§  No more private property

§  They failed because the Qing dynasty beat them, because they were helped by Britain and France

o   “Self-Strengthening”

§  2 main ideas:

ú  adopt parts of Western Technology

ú  but keeping Confucian values: respect for the past, respect for elders, respect for rulers.

§  They failed because many Chinese rejected any Western technology

o   The “100 Days” of Kang Yowwei (just call him Kang)

§  Kang gave ideas for reform to the yonng emperor

§  Reforms in government and education

§  It failed because Empress Cixi (773) had the young emperor imprisoned

o   The Boxers

§  2 main concerns

ú  poverty

ú  “destroy the foreigners”

·      including kill Christians (both Chinese and foreign)

§  They failed because the 8 nations invaded to stop Boxers and crushed them. The 8 nations invaded because the Chinese were killing these 8 nations’ people.

ú  They didn’t just kill Boxers

ú  They sacked and looted Beijing

ú  This left Qing dynasty weaker than ever

·      b) Was imperialism the root of China's problems? Argue yes and no

o   Imperialism: direct takeover by foreigner/economic dominance by foreigners

o   China’s problems: Poverty and famine

§  Yes, China’s problems were caused by imperialism

ú  Hong Kong (important trade center) became British property

ú  Find two examples in lesson 6

ú  Boxers- The 8 countries invaded in order to overthrow the Boxers, and then the soldiers of the country stole a bunch of things, and supremely hurt China

ú  Opium trade- addictive drug

ú  Treaty of Nanjing- that messed up China

§  No, problems not all caused by imperialism

ú  Lesson 5 heading 5

ú  Chinese two big problems: Poverty and Famine

ú  Self-Strengthening- many rejected idea of adopting Western Technology

ú  Kang’s “100 Days” intended to improve government and education, but Empress Cixi through Kang in jail and that stopped the 100 days

Put this definition in your notes:

o   Change from hand tools to power tools

§  Coal and steam replaced wind and water as new sources of energy and power to drive labor-saving machines

o   Change from home production to factory production

§  These machines led to new ways of organizing human labor as factories replaced shop and home workrooms

§  Large numbers of people moved from the countryside to work in the new factories

§  A revolution in transportation also occurred with the use of railroads and steamboats

§  New products now moved quickly around the world, and new patterns of living emerged

§  Finally, the Industrial Revolution changed how people related to nature

 British textile production: first to industrialize

·      a) power source for Cartwright’s loom

o   water- the water turns the wheel, but the water must be flowing; the water must be going downhill and then the water will move the machine

o   Weaves thread into cloth

o   this made it possible for the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn

o   It was now more efficient to bring workers to the machines and have them work in factories placed next to rivers and streams, the sources of power for many of these early machines

·      b) power source invented by Watt

o   steam that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines had

o   Watt developed a rotary engine that could turn a shaft and thus drive machinery

o   Steam power could now be used to spin and weave cotton

o   Built a steam power that could power machine

o   Now factories could be built anywhere; more convenient if near a coal mine

o   If the factory is near the coal mine, then you don’t have to pay for transportation of the coal; the coal heats the water and makes the steam

·      c) changes in cost and availability of cotton clothing

o   1760- imported 2.5 million pounds of cotton

o   1787- imported 22 million pounds of cotton, most of it was spun on machines

o   1840- imported 366 million pounds of cotton, most of it was from the U.S. south, a lot grown by slaves

o   The price of cotton was now one-twentieth of what it was

o   Poor people could now have underwear

o   The affect of less expensive clothing also affect of middle class people; they could now afford to dress like upper class people

o   British inexpensive cloth drove hand-weavers out of work. Big impact on India. Example of how Europe gets more powerful over Asia 

British iron production

·      a) evidence of its dramatic growth

o   1740- 17,000 tons

o   1852- 3 million tons

o   By the mid 19^th century British iron production was greater than the whole rest of the world combined

·      b) things being made of iron

o   new machines, new industries

o   steamboats and railroads

o   ships

Railroads brought changes

·      a) for the lower class

o   created new jobs fro farm laborers and peasants building them

o   Chinese immigrants made western side railroads and Irish made eastern side of railroad

o   lower cost transportation means selling to wider market: customers to buy my stuff

o   it was the start of family vacations: museums, zoos, concerts, and Britain- Punch and Judy

·      b) for business people in middle class

o   more over, less expensive transportation led to lower-priced goods, thus creating larger markets

·      the farm workers were used to periods of inactivity; not used to working all the time

·      Early factory workers had to create schedules that worked for their workers

·      Repetitive

·      Boring

·      Very precise hours to work

Mid-19^th century statistics that show Britain’s industrial success

·      produced ½ worlds coal and manufactured goods

·      cotton industry in 1850 = to rest of Europe combined

TQ. Besides iron ore, what natural resource was essential for industry? Hint: page 657 map.

Factory owners liked to hire children-why?

·      Children had a delicate touch as spinners of cotton

·      Smaller size made it easier for them to move under machines to gather loose cotton

·      They were also easier trained in factory work

·      They were a lot cheaper

·      The new machines took the hard physical work onto the machines and all the people had to do was sit and watch; something a child could do

According to Matthew Crabtree (syllabus)

·      a) Why was there “constant crying” in the factories in the afternoon?

o   Because of the horrible conditions the kids were in; there was no breakfast, an hour for lunch, and an hour for dinner.

o   Beaten if they couldn’t stay awake.

o   Ridiculous work hours

o   Constant hostility towards the children

o   Constantly beaten in order to keep them awake

o   Normal workday is 14 hours; trade was brisk, 16 hours

·      b) What could happen, if a worker did not “keep (up) with the machine”?

o   They were beaten severely

o   The idea of getting beaten was what caused them to keep there work going

o   The boys had to keep up with the machine in order for it to not get clogged and not produce. Therefore, they would be beaten in order to stay awake

o   He could lose his job, lose pay, be beaten, or die/ lose an extremity if he falls asleep on the job

For Sarah Gooder, an 8 year-old mine worker

·      a) What does she not like about her job?

o   Being in the dark

·      b) What’s her only chance for an education?

o   Sunday school

·      c) Where does she wish she could be?

o   School

From Patience Kershaw, a 17 year-old female mine worker (considered adult)

·      a) Why does she have a “bald place” on her head?

o   Thrusting chorves 

·      b) Besides having to drag the coal, what’s bad about her job?

o   She is the only woman there and all of the men are naked

Why were Parliament committees collecting all these statements from women and children?

·      In order to stop what is going on in these mines

TQs about photograph on page 660.

·      a) What evidence suggest it was staged – posed, set up in order to give a certain impression?

o   The man standing there, right next to the girl

·      b) What bias do you assume, about whoever wanted the scene to look like this?

o   The person who took this picture doesn’t like the situation that these small children and women are in

·      System in which businesses are privately owned, either by individuals or a cooperation. Workers are paid, but all profits go to the owners

·      Stock

·      Cooperation is big; allowed for the availability of stock options to be bought in order to make more money

Traits that led to success, for industrial capitalisms middle class

·      initiative, vision, ambition

·      greed

·      “Getting of money… is the main business of the life of men”

·      Each of these traits were taught in the middle class from father to son: this is what you need to do in order to survive in the world we live in

Workers lives. Goes with EQ 2

·      a) work hours

o   12 to 16 hour work days, 6 days a week

o   half hour for lunch and dinner

o   The reason that the people wanted these jobs was because there weren’t that many jobs to go around as well as the pay was much greater than farm work

o    

·      b) Health hazards

o   high temps; dirty, dusty, dangerous

o   pregnant women mistreated

o   mines: cave-ins, explosions, gas fumes

·      a) Factory Act of 1833

o   minimum work age: 9

o   9-13 only work 8 hours a day

o   13-18 could work 12 hours a day

o   made # of children employees decline-replaced by more and more women

o    

·      b) Another one in 1844 (British Factory Act)

o   no excessive working hours for women

·      c) As certain jobs became closed to women, how could they earn money at home?

o   Low paying jobs: laundry works

·      a) That industrialization had split society into what 2 opposing sides?

o   Oppressors: control government and society

o   Oppressed: depended on owners of production

·      b) that the ruling class (the bourgeoisie) stayed in power because it controlled… what?

o   The means of production

o   Gives power to control government and society

·      c) That the proletariat (industrial workers) were going to… do what?

o   Revolution with bourgeoisie

o   Violent overthrow

·      d) Europe would be a very different place, What would it be like?

o   Form of dictatorship to organize means of production

o   End in a classless society

German Social Democratic Party

·      a) Date of its founding

o   1875

·      b) What it did to advance working class interests

o   pass laws to improve working class work conditions

o   Organized a political party – world’s first political party especially for workers’ needs

o   Got people elected to the Reichstag (law-making part of German government)

o   By 1912, was Germany’s biggest political party

Beliefs of “revisionists Marxists”

·      rejected revolutionary approach

·      workers must organized in mass political parties and work together for reforms

·      “ballots not bullets”

·      clerks

·      typists

·      secretaries

·      file clerks

·      sale clerks

How were women’s opportunities affected by increases in

·      a) compulsory education

o   created more need for teachers

·      b) hospitals and orphanages

o   the development of hospital services opened the way for an increase in nurses

TQs, based on the painting of a birthday party, p. 701

·      a) How does this picture show that men and women existed in two different worlds?

o   Showed that women took care of the children and men were there but weren’t very involved

·      b) How is the picture an expression of the middle class ideal for family life?

o   Nice clothing

o   Food/wine

o   Able to read newspaper

o   Celebrating birthday

o   Nice possesions

Rights European and U.S. women pushed for, in the 1830’s

·      Right of women to divorce and own property

The British WSPU (know what letters stood for): main thing it was trying to accomplish 

·      Women’s Social and Political Union

·      The right for women to have full citizenship in the nation

·      The right to vote was the key for everything for women

What actions did the Pankhurst’s take, in support of women’s suffrage?

·      Family of women suffragists

·      Marched and fought for women’s right to vote

·      Hunger strikes, jail time, etc.

Not until after… (what?) did at least some countries grant voting rights to women

Trade with China

·      a) the very desirable Chinese products

o   tea

o   silk

o   porcelain

·      b) why the British East India Company started selling opium in China

o   the way that the British were paying for their imports was in silver and the British wanted to renegotiate because of the amount of silver being used

o   the negotiations fell through so the British solution was opium, a highly addictive drug

o   British products not wanted in China

o   British had to pay money=unfavorable balance of trade

o   Opium was the product people in China would buy

·      c) how the Manchus (more properly called the Qing dynasty) reacted

o   they appealed to the British government on moral grounds to stop the trafficking

o   The British kept doing it

o   The Chinese refused to allow that and thus started the Opium war

o   Chinese blockaded British (in China). British then brought worships

TQ about a scene from the Opium War, p. 770. Where is a British battleship, and how can you tell?

·      In the far right

·      It is armored and steam powered

In the Treaty of Nanjing (1842), what terms did the Chinese accept?

·      Agreed to:

·      Open five coastal ports to British trade

·      limit taxes (tariffs)  on imported British goods

·      pay for the cost of wars

·      agreed to give the British Hong Kong

In the 5 treaty ports, the policy of extraterritoriality allowed Europeans to… what?

·      Live in their own sections and were subject to British law, not Chinese law

The Manchu (Qing) dynasty’s failures to respond to famines and poverty led to the… 1850-1864

·      Taiping Rebellion

·      The Taiping vs. The Chinese Government (Qing Dynasty) 

Five reforms called for by Hong Xiuquan. NOTE: for a bound foot, see photo on p. 561

·      redistribution of land equally among peasants so peasants will have land of their own

·      the treatment of women as equals of men- similar to Europe

·      called for people to give up private possessions and hold all things in common

·      outlawed alcohol and tobacco

·      eliminated the practice of foot binding of women

In 1864, British and French troops helped crush Taiping Rebellion

·      a) what “one British observer” gave as a reason for Europeans to get involved

o   there was no hope of any good ever coming of the rebel movement. They do nothing but burn, murder, and destroy

·      b) TQ. The real reason was more accurately stated as…

Qing (Manchu) dynasty recognizes the need for reform

·      A) What was “self strengthening”

o   China would adopt Western technology

o    

·      B) Kang Youwei’s “One Hundred Days”

o   Issued edicts calling for major political, administrative, and educational reforms

·      C) Empress Dowager Cixi’s reaction (her photo is on p. 773)

o   She rebelled against Youwei’s ideas

o   Beheaded the emperor

 The Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (known as Boxers)

·      A) Their two big concerns

o   Economic policies

o   Political policies

·      B) Their slogan

o   Destroy the Enemy

·      C) Their policy toward Christians, both Chinese and foreign

o   They killed Christians and Chinese converts

What happened in August of 1900?

·      An ally army consisting of 20,000 soldiers took over Beijing:

o   British

o   French

o   German

o   Russian

o   American

o   Japanese

Thought Question. In both the Taiping and Boxer rebellions, Europeans sent troops back up the weakening Manchu (Qing) dynasty. Why did Europeans want this dynasty to stay in power? 

Because they had good trading and lots of products

1.Late 1700's

2. 1833

3. 1842

4.1850-1864

5.1870's

6. 1875

7. 1900

8. 1903

9. 1918

1. Industrial revolution begins in Britain

2. First Factory Act; Parliament begins regulation of industry

3. Treaty of Nanjing ends Opium War

4. Taiping Rebellion in China

5. British trade unions win the right to go on strikes

6. in Germany, formation of the Social Democratic Party

7. 8 nations invade China, to stop the Boxer rebellion

8. in Britain, founding of Women's Social and Political Union

9. end of WWI; new openness to women's suffrage

SHOULD GO AFTER CARD #25

How trade unions in the U.S (“labor unions”) helped working class

·      get all workers in certain industry to join the union (ex, all mine workers)

·      use strikes to put pressure on owners of mines/factories

·      owners will then give better pay, working conditions