Term
| What is the most common childhood cancer? |
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Definition
| Acute Leukocytic Leukemia (ALL) accounts for 1/3 of all childhood cancers |
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Term
| What are other childhood cancers? |
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Definition
| acute myelogenous leukemia, Hodgkin disease, non-hodgkins disease, brain tumors, Neuroblastoma, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, Wilms Tumor, retinal blastoma. |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells harvested from self |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells harvested from donor (following reduced for full intensity therapy) |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells harvested from identical twin |
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Term
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Definition
| stem cells from saved cord blood, from self or donor |
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Term
| What is Acute Leukocytic Leukemia? |
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Definition
| type of cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bleeding from the gums, Bone pain, Fever, Frequent infections, Frequent or severe nosebleeds, Lumps caused by swollen lymph nodes in and around the neck, underarm, abdomen or groin, Pale skin, Shortness of breath, Weakness, fatigue or a general decrease in energy |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when a bone marrow cell develops errors in its DNA. It's not clear what causes the DNA mutations that can lead to acute lymphocytic leukemia. |
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Term
| What are the risk factors of ALL? |
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Definition
-Previous cancer treatment
-Genetic disorders
-Having a brother/sister with ALL |
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Term
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Definition
-Blood tests
-Bone marrow tests
-Imaging Tests
-Spinal fluid test |
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Term
| What is the blood test for ALL? |
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Definition
| A blood test may reveal too many white blood cells, not enough red blood cells and not enough platelets. A blood test may also show the presence of blast cells — immature cells normally found in the bone marrow but not circulating in the blood. |
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Term
| What is the bone marrow test for ALL? |
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Definition
| During bone marrow aspiration, a needle is used to remove a sample of bone marrow from the hipbone. The sample is sent to a lab for testing to look for leukemia cells. Doctors in the lab will classify blood cells into specific types based on their size, shape and other features. They also look for certain changes in the cancer cells and determine whether the leukemia cells began from the B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes. This information helps your doctor develop a treatment plan. |
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Term
| What is the imaging test for ALL? |
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Definition
| Imaging tests such as X-ray, computerized tomography (CT) scan or ultrasound scan may help determine whether cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord or other parts of the body. |
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Term
| What is the spinal fluid test for ALL? |
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Definition
| A lumbar puncture test, also called a spinal tap, may be used to collect a sample of spinal fluid — the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. The sample is tested to see whether cancer cells have spread to the spinal fluid. |
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Term
| What is the treatment for ALL? |
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Definition
-Induction therapy
-Consolidation therapy
-Maintenence therapy
-Preventative treatment to spinal cord |
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Term
| What is induction therapy? |
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Definition
| The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill most of the leukemia cells in the blood and bone marrow and to restore normal blood cell production. |
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Term
| What is consolidation therapy? |
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Definition
| Also called post-remission therapy, this phase of treatment is aimed at destroying any remaining leukemia in the body, such as in the brain or spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is maintenance therapy? |
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Definition
| The third phase of treatment prevents leukemia cells from regrowing. The treatments used in this stage are often given at much lower doses over a long period of time, often years. |
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Term
| What is preventative treatment to the spinal cord? |
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Definition
| People with acute lymphocytic leukemia may also receive treatment to kill leukemia cells located in the central nervous system during each phase of therapy. In this type of treatment, chemotherapy drugs are often injected directly into the fluid that covers the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is acute myelogenous leukemia? |
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Definition
| a cancer of the blood and bone marrow — the spongy tissue inside bones where blood cells are made. |
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Term
| What are the other names AML goes by? |
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Definition
| acute myeloid leukemia, acute myeloblastic leukemia, acute granulocytic leukemia and acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. |
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Term
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Definition
Flu symptoms
Fever, Bone pain, Lethargy and fatigue, Shortness of breath, Pale skin, Frequent infections, Easy bruising, Unusual bleeding, such as frequent nosebleeds and bleeding from the gums |
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Term
| What are the risk factors for AML? |
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Definition
-Increasing age
-Male
-Previous cancer treatment
-Exposure to radiation
-Dangerous chemical exposure
-Smoking
-Other blood disorders (as myelodysplasia, polycythemia vera or thrombocythemia)
-Genetic disorders (down syndrome) |
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Term
| What is the 1 different test for AML? |
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Definition
| If your doctor determines you have AML, you may need further tests to determine the extent of the cancer and classify it into a more specific AML subtype. Your AML subtype is based on how your cells appear when examined under a microscope. Special laboratory testing may also be used to identify the specific characteristics of your cells. |
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Term
| What are the 2 phases of treatment? |
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Definition
-Remission induced
-Consolidation therapy |
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Term
| What is remission induced therapy? |
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Definition
| The purpose of the first phase of treatment is to kill the leukemia cells in your blood and bone marrow. However, remission induction usually doesn't wipe out all of the leukemia cells, so you need further treatment to prevent the disease from returning. |
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Term
| What is consolidation therapy in AML? |
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Definition
| Also called post-remission therapy, maintenance therapy or intensification, this phase of treatment is aimed at destroying the remaining leukemia cells. It's considered crucial to decreasing the risk of relapse. |
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Term
| What are the therapies used in cancers? |
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Definition
-Chemotherapy
-Other drug therapy
-Stem cell transplant
-Clinical trials |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemotherapy is the major form of remission induction therapy, though it can also be used for consolidation therapy. Chemotherapy uses chemicals to kill cancer cells in your body. People with AML generally stay in the hospital during chemotherapy treatments because the drugs destroy many normal blood cells in the process of killing leukemia cells. If the first cycle of chemotherapy doesn't cause remission, it can be repeated. |
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Term
| What is other drug therapy? |
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Definition
| Arsenic trioxide (Trisenox) and all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) are anti-cancer drugs that can be used alone or in combination with chemotherapy for remission induction of a certain subtype of AML called promyelocytic leukemia. These drugs cause leukemia cells with a specific gene mutation to mature and die, or to stop dividing. |
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Term
| What is stem cell transplant? |
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Definition
| Stem cell transplant, also called bone marrow transplant, may be used for consolidation therapy. Stem cell transplant helps re-establish healthy stem cells by replacing unhealthy bone marrow with leukemia-free stem cells that will regenerate healthy bone marrow. Prior to a stem cell transplant, you receive very high doses of chemotherapy or radiation therapy to destroy your leukemia-producing bone marrow. Then you receive infusions of stem cells from a compatible donor (allogeneic transplant). You can also receive your own stem cells (autologous transplant) if you were previously in remission and had your healthy stem cells removed and stored for a future transplant. |
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Term
| What are clinical trials? |
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Definition
| Some people with leukemia choose to enroll in clinical trials to try experimental treatments or new combinations of known therapies. |
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Term
| What is Hodgkin's Disease? |
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Definition
| a type of lymphoma, a cancer that starts in white blood cells called lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are part of the body’s immune system. |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs when the lymph node cells or the lymphocytes begin to multiply uncontrollably, producing malignant cells that have the abnormal ability to invade other tissues throughout your body. |
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Term
| What are the 2 main types of lymphoma? |
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Definition
| Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, which are classified by certain unique characteristics of the cancer cells. |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? |
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Definition
| young adults (ages 15 to 35) and older adults (over age 50). It is somewhat more common in males than females, and more common in Caucasians than in African-Americans. Because of progress in treating Hodgkin lymphoma, most people with a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma will be long-time survivors. |
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Term
| What are the stages of Hodgkin's Lymphoma? |
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Definition
Stage I Lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group (such as the lymph nodes in the neck or armpit). Very rarely, Hodgkin lymphoma may start somewhere in the body other than a lymph node and lymphoma cells are found in only that one part.
Stage II Lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups, but both groups are on the same side of the diaphragm. Or, lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ on the same side of the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be in other lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm.
Stage III Lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may also be found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups or in the spleen.
Stage IV Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of at least one organ or tissue. Or, lymphoma cells are in an organ (such as the liver, lung, or bone) and in lymph nodes on the other side of the diaphragm.
A, B, E, and S In addition to using the Roman numerals I, II, III, and IV, doctors describe the stages of Hodgkin lymphoma with the letters A, B, E, and S.
A and B A (without symptoms): You have not had symptoms, such as weight loss, drenching night sweats, or fevers; B (with symptoms): You have had symptoms, such as weight loss, drenching night sweats, or fevers.
E and S E (outside the lymph system): Lymphoma is found in tissues outside the lymph system, such as in liver or lung tissue. Other less common places to find lymphoma include the bone, bone marrow, skin, digestive tract, kidneys, ovaries, or testicles. For example, the stage may be IIE; S (in the spleen): Lymphoma is found in the spleen. For example, the stage may be IIIS |
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Term
| What is the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma? |
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Definition
-Chemotherapy
-Targeted Therapy
-Radiation therapy
-Stem cell transplant |
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Term
| What is targeted therapy? |
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Definition
| The drug binds to lymphoma cells, and the body destroys them. |
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Term
| What is non-hodgkin's disease? |
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Definition
| a type of cancer that originates in the lymphatic system. It is estimated to be the sixth most common cancer in the United States. The lymphatic system is part of the body's immune system and helps fight infections and other diseases. In addition, the lymphatic system filters out bacteria, viruses, and other unwanted substances. |
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Term
| Where does NHL originate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the symptoms of NHL? |
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Definition
| swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, and night sweats. |
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Term
| What is the difference between NHL and Hodgkin's? |
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Definition
| The distinction between Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is made upon examination of the cancerous material (from a biopsy or aspiration of the tumor tissue). The type of abnormal cells identified in the sample determines whether a lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin's disease or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of brain cancers in children? |
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Definition
| Gliomas and medulloblastomas |
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Term
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Definition
| Glioma is a broad category of brain and spinal cord tumors that come from glial cells, the main brain cells that can develop into tumors. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of gliomas? |
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Definition
| astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of gliomas? |
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Definition
| The most common symptom is headache -- affecting about half of all people with a brain tumor. Other symptoms can include seizures, memory loss, physical weakness, loss of muscle control, visual symptoms, language problems, cognitive decline, and personality changes. These symptoms may change, according to which part of the brain is affected. |
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Term
| What is a medulloblastoma? |
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Definition
| a cancerous tumor that starts in the region of the brain at the base of the skull, called the posterior fossa. These tumors tend to spread to other parts of the brain and to the spinal cord. |
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Term
| What is the most common malignant brain tumor in childhood? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who gets medulloblastomas? |
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Definition
| Most medulloblastoma tumors are found in children younger than age 16, but they can rarely occur in adults. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of medulloblastomas? |
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Definition
Headaches, Morning nausea or vomiting that gradually gets worse, Clumsiness, Problems with handwriting, Visual problems (rare) at the time of diagnosis
If the tumor has spread to the spinal cord, symptoms may include: Back pain, Trouble walking, Problems controlling bladder and bowel functions |
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Term
| What are the treatments of medulloblastomas? |
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Definition
Surgery—is usually the first step in treating medulloblastoma:
The goal is to take out as much of the tumor as possible.
If the tumor has been completely removed, the patient is treated with reduced-dose radiation to the brain and spinal cord before receiving chemotherapy.
If some tumor remains after surgery, or if the cancer has spread, the patient is given higher-dose radiation therapy before chemotherapy.
Radiation therapy—uses high-energy X-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing.
Chemotherapy (“chemo”)—uses powerful medicines to kill cancer cells or stop them from growing (dividing) and making more cancer cells:
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma is a cancer that develops from immature nerve cells found in several areas of the body. Neuroblastoma most commonly arises in and around the adrenal glands, which have similar origins to nerve cells and sit atop the kidneys. However, neuroblastoma can also develop in other areas of the abdomen and in the chest, neck and near the spine, where groups of nerve cells exist. |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma most commonly affects children age 5 or younger, though it may rarely occur in older children. |
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Term
| What is the most common form of a neuroblastoma? |
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma in the abdomen — the most common form — may cause signs and symptoms such as: |
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Term
| What are the s/s of an abdominal neuroblastoma? |
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Definition
| Abdominal pain, A mass under the skin that isn't tender when touched, Changes in bowel habits, such as diarrhea, Swelling in the legs |
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Term
| What are the s/s of a neuroblastoma in the chest? |
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Definition
may cause signs and symptoms such as: Wheezing, Chest pain, Changes to the eyes, including drooping eyelids and unequal pupil size,
Other signs and symptoms that may indicate neuroblastoma include: Lumps of tissue under the skin, Eyeballs that seem to protrude from the sockets (proptosis), Dark circles, similar to bruises, around the eyes, Back pain, Fever, Unexplained weight loss, Bone pain |
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Term
| Where do neuroblastomas originate? |
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Definition
| begins in neuroblasts — immature nerve cells that a fetus makes as part of its development process. |
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Term
| What is a neuroblast cell? |
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Definition
| As the fetus matures, neuroblasts eventually turn into nerve cells and fibers and the cells that make up the adrenal glands. Most neuroblasts mature by birth, though a small number of immature neuroblasts can be found in newborns. In most cases, these neuroblasts mature or disappear. Others, however, form a tumor — a neuroblastoma. |
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Term
| What are the complications of a neuroblastoma? |
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Definition
-Spead
-Spinal cord compression
-S/S caused by tumor secretions |
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Term
| Where do neuroblastomas spread? |
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Definition
| Neuroblastoma may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body, such as the lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver, skin and bones. |
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Term
| What is spinal cord compression? |
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Definition
| Tumors may grow and press on the spinal cord, causing spinal cord compression. Spinal cord compression may cause pain and paralysis. |
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Term
| What are the s/s caused by tumor secretions? |
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Definition
| Neuroblastomas may secrete certain chemicals that irritate other normal tissues, causing signs and symptoms called paraneoplastic syndromes. One paraneoplastic syndrome that occurs rarely in people with neuroblastoma causes rapid eye movements and difficulty with coordination. Another rare syndrome causes abdominal swelling and diarrhea. |
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Term
| What is the staging of neuroblastomas? |
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Definition
Stage I. Neuroblastoma at this stage is localized, meaning it's confined to one area, and may be completely removed with surgery. Lymph nodes connected to the tumor may have signs of cancer, but other lymph nodes don't have cancer.
Stage IIA. Neuroblastoma at this stage is localized, but may not be as easily removed through surgery.
Stage IIB. Neuroblastoma at this stage is localized and may or may not be easily removed through surgery. Both the lymph nodes connected to the tumor and the lymph nodes nearby contain cancer cells.
Stage III. Neuroblastoma at this stage is considered advanced, and it isn't possible to remove the tumor through surgery. The tumor may be a larger size at this stage. Lymph nodes may or may not contain cancer cells.
Stage IV. Neuroblastoma at this stage is considered advanced and has spread (metastasized) to other parts of the body.
Stage IVS. This stage is a special category of neuroblastoma that doesn't behave like other forms of neuroblastoma, though it isn't clear why. Stage IVS neuroblastoma applies only to children younger than 1 year old. Stage IVS indicates that neuroblastoma has spread to another part of the body — most commonly the skin, liver or limited bone marrow involvement. Despite the extent of neuroblastoma, babies with this stage have a good chance of recovery. Neuroblastoma at this stage sometimes goes away on its own and often doesn't require any treatment. |
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Term
| What is the treatment of neuroblastomas? |
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Definition
| Treatment includes, surgery, chemo, radiation, stem cell transplant and any combination of all. |
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Term
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Definition
| Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer, and the sixth most common type of cancer in children. Although other types of cancer can eventually spread to parts of the skeleton, osteosarcoma is one of the few that actually begin in bones and sometimes spread (or metastasize) elsewhere, usually to the lungs or other bones. |
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Term
| Where does osteosarcoma originate? |
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Definition
| Because osteosarcoma usually develops from osteoblasts (the cells that make growing bone), it most commonly affects teens who are experiencing a growth spurt. Boys are more likely to have osteosarcoma than girls, and most cases of osteosarcoma involve the knee. |
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Term
| What causes osteosarcomas? |
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Definition
| Most osteosarcomas arise from random and unpredictable errors in the DNA of growing bone cells during times of intense bone growth. There currently isn't an effective way to prevent this type of cancer. But with the proper diagnosis and treatment, most kids with osteosarcoma do recover |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of osteosarcomas? |
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Definition
The most common symptoms of osteosarcoma are pain and swelling in a child's leg or arm. It occurs most often in the longer bones of the body — such as above or below the knee or in the upper arm near the shoulder.
Pain may be worse during exercise or at night, and a lump or swelling may develop in the affected area up to several weeks after the pain starts. Pain that persistently wakes the child up at night or pain at rest are of particular concern. |
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Term
| What is the surgical treatment for osteosarcomas? |
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Definition
| Surgical treatments for osteosarcoma consist of either amputation or limb-salvage surgery. Chemo is used both before and after surgery. |
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Term
| How are teens with osteosarcomas treated? |
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Definition
| Currently, most teens with osteosarcomas involving an arm or leg can be treated with limb-salvage surgery rather than amputation. In limb-salvage surgery, the bone and muscle affected by the osteosarcoma are removed, leaving a gap in the bone that is filled by either a bone graft (usually from the bone bank) or more often a special metal prosthesis. These can be appropriately matched to the size of the bone defect. |
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Term
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Definition
| Wilms tumor is the most common form of childhood kidney cancer |
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Term
| What is the cause of Wilms tumor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What birth defect is associated with Wilms tumor? |
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Definition
| . A missing iris of the eye (aniridia) is a birth defect that is sometimes associated with Wilms tumor. Other birth defects linked to this type of kidney cancer include certain urinary tract problems and swelling of one side of the body, a condition called hemihypertrophy. It is more common among some siblings and twins, which suggests a possible genetic cause. |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of Wilms tumor? |
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Definition
| Abdominal pain, Constipation, Fever, General discomfort or uneasiness (malaise), High blood pressure, Increased growth on only one side of the body, Loss of appetite, Nausea, Swelling in the abdomen (abdominal hernia or mass), Vomiting |
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Term
| What is a retinal blastoma? |
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Definition
| Retinoblastoma is an eye cancer that begins in the retina — the sensitive lining on the inside of your eye. Retinoblastoma most commonly affects young children, but can rarely occur in adults. |
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Term
| What are the s/s of a retinoblastoma? |
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Definition
| A white color in the center circle of the eye (pupil) when light is shone in the eye, such as when taking a flash photograph, Eyes that appear to be looking in different directions, Eye redness, Eye swelling |
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Term
| When does retinoblastoma occur? |
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Definition
| Retinoblastoma occurs when nerve cells in the retina develop genetic mutations. These mutations cause the cells to continue growing and multiplying when healthy cells would die. This accumulating mass of cells forms a tumor. Retinoblastoma cells can invade further into the eye and nearby structures. Retinoblastoma can also spread (metastasize) to other areas of the body, including the brain and spine. |
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Term
| What are the treatments for retinoblastomas? |
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Definition
| chemo, radiation, laser, thermotherapy, cryotherapy |
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Term
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Definition
| Tumors in the Ewing's family of sarcomas are made of primitive cells, which are cells that haven't yet decided what type of cell they are. They look blue to a pathologist because of the staining that is used when identifying the cancer, so the cells are referred to as "small round blue cells" |
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Term
| What are the types of Ewings Sarcoma? |
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Definition
Ewing's sarcoma of the bone
Extraosseus Ewing's sarcoma
Primitive neuroectodermal tumor (PNET)
Peripheral neuroepithelioma
Askin's tumor (Ewing’s sarcoma of the chest wall)
Atypical Ewing’s sarcoma |
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Term
| Which of the following childhood cancers effects the bone? |
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Definition
| NEUROBLASTOMA -> OSTEOSARCOMA |
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Term
| The nurse is preparing discharge plan for an 8 y/o girl with leukemia. Which is the priority? |
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Definition
| CALLING THE DOCTOR IF THE CHILD GETS A SORE THROAT |
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