Term
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Definition
| abnormality in cellular differentiation, maturation & control of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| a mass of neoplasic (abnormal) tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| excessive proliferation of cells |
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Term
| What are the two types of physiologic hyperplasia: |
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Definition
Hormonal hyperplasia
e.g. proliferation of glandular epithelium of breast tissue during pregnancy
Compensatory hyperplasia
-when a portion of tissue is removed/deceased
e.g. remove portion of liver...regrowth |
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Term
| What is pathologic hyperplasia? |
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Definition
-excess hormonal/growth factor stimulation
e.g. regrowth of uterine endometrium |
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Term
| What mechanism causes increased size of tissues consisting of labile/stable cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increase in the size of cells |
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Term
| How would tissues made of permanent cells respond to an increased functional demand? |
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Definition
| hypertrophy (increase cell size, but can't increase cell number) |
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Term
True or False
Both hyperplasia & hypertrophy can be reversed |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shrinkage in the size of a cell due to loss of cell constituents |
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Term
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Definition
| replacement of normal mature cells with another type of cell (abnormal differentiation) |
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Term
True or False
metaplasia is irreversible |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| abnormality in differentiation and maturation |
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Term
| Where is dysplasia primarily seen? |
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Definition
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Term
| What characterizes dysplasia? |
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Definition
nuclear & cytoplasmic abnormalities
loss of uniformity of individual cells |
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Term
| What is the difference between dysplasia & neoplasia? |
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Definition
displasia is not invasive, may spontaneously revert to normal
(cancer will not) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| How are cancer cells different from normal cells? (7) |
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Definition
-self sufficiency in growth signals
-insensitive to growth inhibitory signals
-evasion of apoptosis
-limitless replicative potential
-development of sustained angiogenesis
-ability to invade & metastasize
-genomic instability due to defects in DNA repair |
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Term
True or False
All tumours caused by a virus will express the same antigen |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the steps involved with invasion? |
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Definition
1. Detachment of tumour cells from each other
2. Degradation of ECM
3. Attachment to novel ECM components
4. Migration of tumour cells |
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Term
| Despite the fact that the early steps leading to cancer happen often, why do they rarely actually lead to cancer? |
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Definition
Normal cells are able to repair DNA damage through:
mismatch repair
nucleotide exsision repair
recombination repair |
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Term
| What causes HNPCC syndrome? |
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Definition
| defects in mismatch repair |
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Term
| What causes xeroderma pigmentosum? |
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Definition
| defect in nucleotide excision repair |
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Term
| What causes hypersensitivity to DNA-damaging agents? |
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Definition
| defect in recombination repair |
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Term
| Tumour regression is characterized by.... |
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Definition
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Term
| How do tumour cells degrade the basement membrane? |
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Definition
| secrete proteolytic enzymes |
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Term
| What causes tumour cells to detach from one another? |
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Definition
| loss of ahesiveness (often loss of E-cadherin) |
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Term
| What is the key 'requirement' for carcinogenesis? |
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Definition
| non-lethal genetic damage |
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Term
| What groups of regulatory genes are targeted in carcinogenesis? |
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Definition
growth-promoting protooncogenes
growth-inhibiting cancer suppressor genes
genes regulating apoptosis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Why will loss of TP54 lead to malignant transformation? |
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Definition
| TP54 activates genes responsible for cell cycle arrest & apoptosis |
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Term
| Why do cancerous cells have a limitless potential for replication? |
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Definition
| they have activated telomerase which maintains telomere length so that they can replicate indefinitely |
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Term
| What are the agents that can cause neoplasia? |
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Definition
1. Chemical carcinogens
2. Radiation carcinogens
3. Viral & microbial oncogenesis |
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Term
| _____ are highly reactive electrophiles |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between direct-acting and indirect-acting carcinogens? |
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Definition
Direct
-weaker, require no metabolism to become carcinogenic
Indirect
-require metabolic conversion to be active |
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Term
| What carcinogen is present in cigarette smoke? |
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Definition
|
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Term
True or False
squamous cell carcinoma are best treated with surgery |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Asbestos is an example of... |
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Definition
|
|
Term
True or False
UV radiation can be carcinogenic |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What effect does radiation have? |
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Definition
| -chromosome breakage, translocations, point mutations, genomic instability |
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Term
True or False
Oncogenic DNA firuses induce minimal replication |
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Definition
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Term
| Papillomaviruses, the Epstein-barr vvirus & Hep B are all examples of... |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an oncogene of acute-transforming RNA viruses which induce uncontrolled proliferation |
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Term
| Leukemia is an example of a disease caused by.... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is helicobacter pylori? |
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Definition
| a bacteria that causes gastric cancers |
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Term
|
Definition
a gene that has potential to cause cancer
often mutated/expressed at high levels in tumour cells |
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Term
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Definition
A gene that prevents cancerous growth
Often mutated/not present in cancer cells |
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Term
| Malignant tumours of the glandular epithelium are termed... |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call benign tumours of epithelial origin, from glandular tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call benign tumours of epithelial origin, from the epithelial surface? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you call malignant tumours of the epithelial origin? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would you name mesenchymal tumours: |
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Definition
benign = cell type of origin + oma
e.g. fibroma
malignant = cell type + sarcoma
e.g. fibrosarcoma |
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Term
|
Definition
| tumours from enbryonic pluripotent cells |
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Term
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Definition
| tumours from germ cells that show some evidence of developing into different tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| tumours from male germline cells that don't show any differentiation |
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Term
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Definition
| tumours from blood-forming organs |
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Term
True or False
melanomas are benign |
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Definition
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Term
| How might a benign neoplasm still cause problems? |
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Definition
| if they put pressure on blood/lymph vessels or impede organ function |
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Term
| What are risk factors for developing breast cancer? |
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Definition
-first degree relatives of women who developed cancer prior to menopause
-prolonged exposure to estrogens post-menopause
-oral contraceptives
-ionizing radiation to the chest |
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Term
| How are carcinomas of the breast classified? |
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Definition
according to site of origin (ductures vs lobules)
invasiveness |
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Term
| How does breast cancer spread? |
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Definition
along ductal system
can spread to local nodes (e.g. armpit)
via bloodstream to metastasize in other tissues |
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Term
| What is cachexia? What causes it? |
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Definition
progressive loss of body fat & lean body mass along with weakness, anorexia, anemia
-caused by release of cytokines by the tumour or host (TNF & interleukins) |
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Term
| What are paraneoplastic syndromes? Give some examples |
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Definition
clinical effects of cancer which aren't directly related to the tissue affected by the tumour
e.g. anemia, calchexia, fever, DIC, myopathy, immunodeficiency |
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Term
| What mediates paraneoplastic syndromes? |
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Definition
| tumour products e.g. hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| tumour cell products which can indicate presence of a neoplasm & monitor response to treatment |
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Term
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Definition
classifies tumours based on:
size/appearance of the tumour
involvement of lymph nodes
extent of metastases |
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Term
|
Definition
| it is destructive towards rapidly growing cells, less so on normal cells |
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Term
| Why are hematopoietic cells susceptible to radiation? |
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Definition
| they are rapidly renewing the populations, radiation targets proliferating cells |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy work? |
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Definition
1. interfere with cell metabolism & RNA/protein synthesis
2. blocks DNA replication or mitotic division
3. hormonal effects influencing tumour growth |
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Term
| How are benign tumours different from malign tumours upon palpation? |
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Definition
benign are free
malignant are often fixed |
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Term
| What are totipotent cells? |
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Definition
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