Term
| Who fought in the Thirty Years War? |
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Definition
| France vs. Spain and Holy Roman Empire |
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Term
| The Thirty Years' War began over religion, but developed into... |
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Definition
| Political rivalry among the Catholic countries, to see who could be #1 in Europe |
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Term
| Thirty Years' War: its impact on the German states |
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Definition
- Huge loss for population and economy, since the war was mostly fought in the German part of Europe
- All German states became completely independent
- The Holy Roman Empire no longer had any functions |
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Term
| James I of England: 2 reasons for his conflicts with Parliament |
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Definition
- James I did not accept Parliament's rights. Made new taxes they had not approved
- James I opposed the Puritans, and many Puritan leaders were in Parliament |
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Term
| The Petition of Right (1628) |
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Definition
- Charles I was forced to accept it by Parliament, who insisted on it because he had raised the taxes
- It said that Parliament got to decide about any new taxes
- (later, Charles ignored this petition) |
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Term
| What the Puritans objected to |
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Definition
| The way the Church of England was Protestant, but had kept things like kneeling, minister with fancy clothes, incense, candlesticks, colored altar cloths (similar to Catholic) |
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Term
| Oliver Cromwell: how his side won the civil war |
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Definition
- Two sides were Parliament (“Roundheads”) vs. king (“Cavaliers”)
- How he won: he created the New Model Army: They were well disciplined and trained in the new military tactics developed in the course of the Thirty Years' War
- As a Puritan, he emphasized “God wants us to win” |
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Term
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Definition
| Cromwell purged Parliament of any members who had not supported his forces |
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Term
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Definition
- What was left of the Parliament after the purge
- Abolished the monarchy and declared England a republic or commonwealth
- Was then dispersed by Cromwell because he found them hard to work with |
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Term
| Cromwell's way of ruling England |
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Definition
- Military dictatorship
- Puritan religion (Calvinists) was made the official religion
- Cromwell dictated the “Reformation of Manners”: no sports on Sunday, no drunkenness, no holly or mistletoe, no wassailing, no bear-baiting, no maypole |
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Term
| Thomas Hobbes wrote what book? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hobbes' assumption about people in a “state of nature” - before governments organized society |
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Definition
| “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish brutish, and short” |
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Term
| Hobbes' assumption about why people behave as they do |
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Definition
| They were guided by a ruthless struggle for self-preservation |
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Term
| Hobbes: contract that formed the state |
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Definition
| A social contract to save themselves from destroying one another, they agreed to form a government |
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Term
| Hobbes: The powers that a successful government must have |
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Definition
| The state is governed by an absolute ruler who possessed unlimited power |
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Term
| Hobbes: The ultimate goal of government |
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Definition
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Term
| Hobbes: Do the people have the right to make changes in the government? |
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Definition
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Term
| John Locke wrote what book? |
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Definition
| Two Treatises of Civil Government |
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Term
| Locke: His assumption about people in a “state of nature” - before governments organized society |
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Definition
| Humans lived in a state of equality and freedom |
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Term
| What Locke called the 3 “inalienable” rights |
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Definition
| LIfe, liberty, and property |
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Term
| Locke: The contract that formed the state |
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Definition
- Government would protect the rights of the people, whereas the people would act reasonably toward government
- The contract was necessary because not all was perfect in state of nature |
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Term
| Locke: The ultimate goal of government |
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Definition
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Term
| Locke: Do the people have the right to make changes in the government? |
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Definition
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Term
| When he wrote in 1651, was Hobbes criticizing or defending the form of government England had at the time? What evidence do you have? |
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Definition
| Defending, because Cromwell was an absolutist |
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Term
| Why the flintlock musket was better |
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Definition
- It was easier to fire and more reliable than other muskets
- Reloading techniques had also improved, to the point it was possible to make one and even two shots per minute
- It also added the bayonet to the front to make it more deadly |
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Term
| How Gustavus Adolphus used the salvo |
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Definition
| The musketeers used the salvo, in which all rows of the infantry fired at once instead of row by row |
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Term
| How Gustavus Adolphus used the pike charge |
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Definition
| Pikes were heavy spears eighteen feet long, held by pikemen massed together in square formations |
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Term
| How Gustavus Adolphus used cannons |
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Definition
| He didn't, he used lighter artillery |
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Term
| Why governments were shifting from mercenaries to standing armies |
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Definition
- They needed longer training
- They needed to be available year-round |
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Term
| To maintain a standing army, a government had to... do what? |
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Definition
| Raise taxes, making war an economic burden |
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Term
| With Charles II as king (1660-1685), what important power did Parliament keep? |
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Definition
- It had to give its consent to taxation
- Charles II started giving privileges to Catholics
- Parliament responded with the Test Act, saying only Church of England can hold political positions |
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Term
| How James II defied Parliament |
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Definition
- James named Catholics to high positions in the government, army, navy, and universities
- He issued a Declaration of Indulgence, which suspended all laws excluding Catholics and Puritans from office |
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Term
| What event of 1668 led to the overthrow of James II (the “Glorious Revolution”) |
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Definition
- When James II had a healthy son born to his second wife, who was also Catholic
- Parliament's reaction: called King's Protestant daughter and her Dutch husband to invade England and take over. |
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Term
| Five things guaranteed in England's Bill of Rights (1689) |
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Definition
- It set forth Parliament's right to make laws and levy taxes
- It made it impossible for kings to oppose or to do without Parliament by stating that standing armies could be raised only with the consent of Parliament
- The rights of citizens to keep arms and have a jury trial |
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Term
| 5 English Rulers in order |
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Definition
James I
Charles I
Cromwell
Charles II
James II |
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Term
| Three functions of the royal court at Versailles |
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Definition
- It was where the king lived
- The chief offices of the state were located there, so Louise XIV could watch over them
- It was the place where powerful subjects came to find favors and offices for them |
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Term
| Two ways Louis XIV weakened possible threats from French nobles |
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Definition
- He removed them from the royal council
- He enticed these nobles and royal princes to come to his court, where he could keep them busy with court life and keep them out of politics |
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Term
| Louis XIV's first steps against Huguenots |
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Definition
| He ordered the destruction of Huguenot churches and the closing of their schools |
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Term
| A Huguenot response to persecution |
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Definition
| Although they were officially forbidden to leave France, about 200,000 Huguenots left France |
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Term
| The ceremony of levee (getting up in the morning) |
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Definition
| It was considered a great honor for a noble to be chosen to hand the king his shirt in the morning |
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Term
| The many forms of entertainment at Versailles |
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Definition
| Hunting, walking through the gardens, boating trips, and lots of gambling |
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