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| the global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that occurred during the European colonization of the Americas |
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| an economic system based on private ownership and on the investment of moneyh in business ventures in order to make a profit |
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| a business in which investors pool their wealth for a common purpose, then share the profits |
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| an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought |
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| Favorable balance of trade |
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| an economic situation in which a country sells more goods abroad than it buys from abroad |
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| a king or queen who has unlimited power and seeks to control all aspects of society |
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| the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God |
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| a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in FRance and could set up houses of worship in some French cities |
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| a philosophy based on the idea that nothing can be known for certain |
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| a French government official appointed by the monarch to collect taxes and administer justice |
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| War of the Spanish Succession |
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| a conflict, lasting from 1701 to 1713, in which a number of European states fought to prevent the Bourbon family from controlling Spain as well as France |
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| a European conflict over religion and territory and for power among ruling families, lasting from 1618 to 1648 |
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| a conflict in Europe, North America, and India, lasting from 1756 to 1763, in which the forces of Britain and Prussia battled those of Austria, France, Russia, and other countries |
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| a landowning noble of Russia |
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| an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western-especially European or American-countries |
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| a conflict, lasting from 1642 to 1649, in which Puritan supporters of Parliament battled supporters of England's monarchy |
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| the period of Charles II's rule over England, after the collapse of Oliver Cromwell's government |
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| a document requiring that a prisoner be brought before a court or judge so that it can be decided whether his or her imprisonment is legal |
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| the bloodless overthrow of the English king James II and his replacement by William and Mary |
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| a system of governing in which the ruler's power is limited by law |
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| a group of advisers or ministers chosen by the head of a country to help make government decisions |
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