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Truman’s reform program that included expanding Social Security, higher minimum wage, national health insurance, and civil rights laws
Congress blocked most Fair Deal reforms |
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| War hero Dwight Eisenhower was elected president in the Election of 1952 |
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| this law gave returning veterans college tuition and low-interest home loans |
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| the American birthrate soared after World War II since Americans had delayed marriage and could now afford families |
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Mass media encouraged Americans to conform to a uniform national culture
Americans embraced conformity to prevent appearing “un-American” amidst fears of communism |
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secret actions taken by the CIA within other countries
Eisenhower used covert operations to fight communism in developing countries
Some criticized that these countries were targets of American business interests |
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| With war support low and with Great Society programs struggling, LBJ choose not to run for reelection |
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| the Vietcong launched a massive coordinated attack on almost every city and American base in South Vietnam |
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The Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane
Eisenhower denied using spies until Khrushchev produced the pilot, Francis Gary Powers |
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| a nonviolent protest in which people occupy a place to protest its conditions |
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| was an American politician and journalist who served as the 35th president of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963 |
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October 1957: Sputnik is Launched
The Soviet Union launched the world’s first space satellite, Sputnik
This hurt the United States’ world image as the Soviet Union seemed technologically superior |
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| The Bay of Pigs Invasion was a failed military invasion of Cuba undertaken by the Central Intelligence Agency |
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| The Berlin Wall was a guarded concrete barrier that physically and ideologically divided Berlin from 1961 to 1989 |
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| this major group promoted nontraditional living that included individual expression, social experimentation, flamboyant dress, drug use, and music |
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| was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba |
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| wrote The Feminine Mystique, challenging traditional roles and promoting total equality |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| In 1954, the Supreme Court ruled that segregation in schools was unconstitutional |
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Chief Justice Earl Warren presided over many significant Supreme Court rulings in the 1950s and 1960s
The Supreme Court ruled on civil rights, the right of due process, and the right of free expression |
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Many civil rights leaders promoted NONVIOLENT protest of racial inequality
Rosa Parks, a black NAACP member, refused to give up her seat for a white bus passenger in Montgomery, Alabama |
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King became a major leader of nonviolent civil rights protests (“civil disobedience”)
King promoted racial EQUALITY and UNITY, not black nationalism like Marcus Garvey had
King felt that mob attacks on nonviolent protesters would force the federal government to act |
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The Vietnam War was the most televised war in American history
General Westmoreland and other officials claimed that the war was being won and was almost over |
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Young Americans also protested that the draft age was 18 while the voting age was 21
The 26th Amendment lowered the voting age to 18 in 1971 |
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Despite court ruling, interstate buses remained segregated in southern states
Black and white “Freedom Riders” rode together on buses across the South in protest |
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After JFK died, President Johnson, pushed Congress to pass a civil rights bill
Civil Rights Act of 1964—this law gave the federal government power to stop segregation in all public places |
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In 1962, Rachel Carson’s book, Silent Spring, exposed damage caused by pesticides and helped spark the environmentalist movement
Great Society laws were passed to create water and air quality standards |
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| Voting Rights Act of 1965 |
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| this law gave the federal government power to protect black suffrage from discrimination |
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| this movement promoted black nationalism and violence if necessary |
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| “Great Society” programs enacted reforms while many Americans joined protest movements to enact reforms. LBJ’s domestic agenda that expanded federal power to create reforms in the United States |
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| this ended the quota limits that had discriminated against certain immigrants since the 1920s |
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| Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) |
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| this group protested poverty, racism, and especially the Vietnam War |
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| led nonviolent strikes and boycotts that led to increased collective bargaining rights for farm workers |
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| the idea that if South Vietnam fell to communism, many other Asian countries would also fall |
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| this proposed amendment would establish complete legal equality for women |
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| Gulf of Tonkin Resolution |
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LBJ announced that North Vietnamese gunboats had fired on American warships
Congress gave LBJ power to take “all measures necessary” to fight North Vietnam |
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