Term
|
Definition
| all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a mental image of best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier - but also more error-prone - use of heuristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the way and issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our spoken, written or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others. In a given language, semantics is the set of rules for deriving meaning from sounds,and synatx is the set of rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly in two-word statements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram-"go car"-using mostly nouns and verbs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| impairment of language, usually caused by left-hemisphere damage either to Broca's area(impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls language expression-an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental quality consisting of the ability to learn form experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a method for assessing an individuals mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a general intelligence fact that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on and intelligence test |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a persons total score |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as computation or drawing |
|
|
Term
| Gardner's eight intelligences |
|
Definition
| naturalist, linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test |
|
|
Term
| intelligence quotient (IQ) |
|
Definition
| defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca x 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a test designed to assess what a person has learned |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a test designed to predict a persons future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn |
|
|
Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
|
Definition
| the WAIS is the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of pretested group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. (see also content validity and predictive validity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior (also called criterion-related validity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a group of people from a given time period |
|
|
Term
| crystallized intelligence |
|
Definition
| our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound (formerly referred to as mental retardation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritablility of trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype |
|
|
Term
| Social-cognitive perspective |
|
Definition
| Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The extent to which we perceive control over our environment |
|
|
Term
| External locus if control |
|
Definition
| The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine out fate |
|
|
Term
| Internal locus of control |
|
Definition
| The perception that you control your own fate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actipns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overestimating others noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ones feelings of high or low self worth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A readiness to perceive oneself favorably |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Excessive self-love and self-absorption |
|
|
