Term
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Definition
- it is a country that is more powerful than almost all other country
- superpowers dominate world affairs
- today's superpowers is the US, in the 1700, France and England were superpowers |
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Term
| Why were France and England in conflict with one another |
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Definition
- they wanted the same thing...more land including that in North America
- if they had more land, they had more resources in the territory and therefore more power |
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Term
| Where was the heart (centre) of New France in the 1750's - just before the 7 years war? |
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Definition
- it was the colony along the St. Lawrence River
- there were about 50 000 colonists living there |
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Term
| The French felt secure and protected because they had two large fortresses. What were they? |
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Definition
| Fortress Louisbourg and Quebec |
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Term
| The English, in the 1750's felt trapped by the French... why? |
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Definition
- they could not cross the Allegheny Mountains to settle in the Ohio River Valley because France had claimed this area and protected it with forts
- they wanted to expand to get more farmland so they could trade more but could not because they were blocked in by the French |
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Term
| What were the British strengths going into the 7 years war? |
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Definition
- they had the most powerful navy in the world
- they had the rich, 13 colonies that could provide military supplies
- they were friends (allies) with the Haudenosaunee |
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Term
| What were the French strengths going into the 7 years war? |
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Definition
- they had the most powerful army in the world
- they had 2 strong fortresses - Quebec and Louisbourg
- They had many First Nations allies (friends) |
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Term
| What were the British WEAKNESSES going into the 7 years war? |
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Definition
- a weaker army not used to fighting in forests
- they had a big challenge of capturing two huge fortresses (Louisbourg and Quebec) if they wanted to win the land
- the 13 colonies all fought amongst themselves and were not always united |
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Term
| What were the French WEAKNESSES going into the 7 years war? |
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Definition
- they depended on France for their supplies
- they had a large land territory in North America... but this was hard to defend
- they had only one route into the colony - along the St. Lawrence River - they had to be careful their enemy, during war, didn't block it |
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Term
| Where did war start in North America? |
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Definition
It started in 1754 in the Ohio River Valley
- George WAshington marched into the valley, but was pushed back by the French and suffered defeat
- the British tried again the next year, and was pushed back again
- war had started |
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Term
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Definition
- a Francophone citizen of Acadia (Nova Scotia)
- descendants of French colonists
- living on what is now Nova Scotia
- under British control |
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Term
| What happened to the Acadians? |
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Definition
- in 1750's, these people (French background but under British rule) were asked to swear loyalty to the British Crown
- they did not want to - they wanted to remain neutral (and agreed to not take up arms against the British)
- British didn't believe they wouldn't rebel against them and made them leave their homes by force - known as the Grand derangement |
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Term
| What was the Grand Derangement - the Great Upheaval |
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Definition
- when the Acadians refused to swear an oath to the British, the British got nervous and felt they would never be safe with these people living so close to them
- The British rounded up all people at gun point and forced them to board ships bound for far away lands
- the British burned homes and churched, destroyed farms and drove off animals |
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Term
| Where were the Acadians shipped to during the Grand Derangement? |
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Definition
- some to the new england colonies
- some to the Caribbean
- some to Freance or England
- some to New Orleans, Louisiana
- about 10 000 Acadians were forced to move, and many died |
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Term
| How did the British capture Louisbourg? |
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Definition
- The British needed to capture Louisbourg as it guarded the entrance to the St.Lawrence
- in 1758, the British fleet (ships) blocked the harbour and cut off the town from the land side
- they settled in for a long siege (blockade of a city)
- For 7 weeks, the British bombed the fortress and cut off all supplies while they sank their ships in the harbor - finally Louisbourg surrendered |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in the Battle for Quebec? |
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Definition
- in 1759, (right after capturing Louisbourg) the Briish brought 200 ships, 9000 soldiers and 18 0000 sailers up the St. Lawrence
- the battle for Quebec took 3 months
- The French were waiting for re-inforcements to come... would they come in time??? |
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Term
| Who was the commander for the British in the battle for Quebec? |
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Definition
| Major General james Wolfe |
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Term
| Who was the commander for the French in the battle for Quebec |
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Definition
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Term
| In the battle for Quebec, what was the French outlook or perspective |
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Definition
- Montcalm had 16 000 troops
- help was expected from France ... it just had to arrive
- they were in a well defended fort, on the top of a cliff
- winter was approaching - the British couldn't stay over the winter |
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Term
| In the battle for Quebec, what was the British perspective |
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Definition
- they had 9000 solders, 200 ships, 180000 sailors
- Wolfe had to find a way to attack the fortress on the top of the cliff
- they couldn't surround it and cut off supplies
- time was running out - winter was coming |
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Term
| What were the Plains of Abraham? |
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Definition
| - a farmer's field behind the Fortress of Quebec |
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Term
| What happened during the Battle on the Plains of Abraham |
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Definition
- on Sep 12, 1759 (at midnight), the British crept up a steep path leading to the Plains of Abraham
- the British got into place during the night
- when morning broke, the French were shocked to see thousands of British red coats ready for Battle
- Montcalm gathered 4000 of his total 6000 soldiers to fight the estimated 4400 British soldiers - he decided he could wait for his reinforcements no longer and went out to fight
- it took 15 minutes of fighting - the French turned and fled
- 1300 soldiers died including both commanders
- it is considered the bloodiest battle on Canadian soil |
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Term
| What happened after the Battle on the Plains of Abraham? |
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Definition
- the fort was in ruins and both French and British soldiers struggled through the winter to find food
- more British soldiers died during the winter of disease than had on the battle field
- the French fell back to Montreal
- on September 8, 1760, the French surrendered and New France passed into British hands |
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Term
| What was the Treaty of Paris, 1763 |
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Definition
- in 1763, France and England signed the Treaty of Paris, agreeing to end their conflict
- France agreed to give up claim to Quebec or any other part of North America
- France was given Guadaloupe (a sugar producing island in the Caribbean) and the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon off the coast of Newfoundland
- the British had control over what used to be New France |
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Term
| What were the 3 choices Britain now had on how to govern the new colony after 1763? |
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Definition
- eviction - should they evict all the Canadiens and deport them from the new British North America???
- assimilation - should they make the Canadiens give up their language and religion and become British subjects
- accomodation - should they leave the Canadiens alone to live as they always had - allowing them to keep their language and religion?
Chose to assimilate the Canadiens |
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Term
| What was the Royal Proclomation of 1763? |
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Definition
- In October 1763, King George III signed the paper that laid out the government's plans for the colony
- it brought in British institutions and laws (this would bring Anglophones - english speaking settlers - to North America)
- it prevented settlement west of the Appalachian mountains - forcing American colonists who wanted more land to have to move up to Quebec |
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Term
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Definition
- he was a leader of the Odawa
- he didn't want the British in his lands (he felt they were taking away his lands), so he laid siege to the British fort at Detroit and also captured another 10 forts
- Pontiac hoped the French would come to help him (be his ally) but they had been defeated, and Pontiac's fight against the British eventually fell apart
- because of the pressure by Pontiac and his men, when the British signed the Royal Proclomation in 1763, it included a section that laid aside a huge area of land for the First Nations peoples - where Europeans could not live |
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Term
| What was the Quebec Act of 1774? |
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Definition
- to keep the French speaking colonists loyal to the British (and to prevent any uprising or problems) the British decided the best way was to recognize the Canadiens rights that had been taken away in the Royal Proclomation.
- Terms of the Quebec Act:
- French language rights were recognized
- Catholics were given freedom of religion
- French seigneurial system was brought back
- French civil law became the law in the courts
- much of the land given to the First Nations was now given to Quebec (this would become a biiiiig problem later on)
- the size of Quebec returned back to a similar size when it was a colony of France |
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Term
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Definition
Means that there are two official languages - in Canada this is English and French
- Canadian citizens have the right to government services in either language |
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