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| The Bubonic Plague was a deadly disease that spread across Asia and Europe in the mid 14th century, killing millions of people. |
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| A city of southeast France on the Rhone River. It was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1378 and the residence of several antipopes from 1378 to 1417. |
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| The sum of the ideal qualifications of a knight, including courtesy, generosity, valor, and dexterity in arms. |
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| The expansion of trade and business that transformed European economies during the 16th and 17th centuries |
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| A unified body of law formed from rulings of England’s royal judges that serves as the basis for law in may English-speaking countries today, including the United States |
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| Any of the military expeditions undertaken by the Christians of Europe in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries for the recovery of the Holy Land from the Muslims. |
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| An assembly of representatives from all three of the estates , or social classes, in France |
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| The political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture. |
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| A conflict in which England and France battled on French soil on and off from 1337 to 1453 |
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| The “Great Charter”-- a document guaranteeing basic political rights in England, drawn up by nobles and approved by King John in C.E. 1215 |
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| They were houses or places of residence occupied by a community of persons, especially monks, living in seclusion under religious vows. |
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| The legislature of Great Britain, historically the assembly of the three estates, now composed of Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal, forming together the House of Lords, and representatives of the counties, cities, boroughs, and universities, forming the House of Commons. |
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| A division in the medieval Roman Catholic Church, during which rival popes were established in Avignon and in Rome |
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| A system of crop rotation that was in operation in western Europe by the 9th century. One-third of land was left fallow, one-third planted in spring grains, and one-third in the season's crops such as barley and vegetables. |
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| A medieval poet and musician who traveled from place to place, entertaining people with songs of courtly love |
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| One of a seafaring Scandinavian people who raided the coasts of northern and western Europe from the eighth through the tenth century. |
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| The Duke of Normandy (a province of France), and the leader of the Norman Conquest of England. He defeated the English forces at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 and became the first Norman king of England. |
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| In 1635, the term acknowledged “the reformed Church of England" (opposed to Roman), from M.L. Anglicanus, from Anglicus "of the English people, of England" |
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| To make or declare void or invalid, as a marriage or a law; nullify. |
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| This was the council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 to examine and condemn the teachings of Martin Luther and other Protestant reformers; redefined the Roman Catholic doctrine and abolished various ecclesiastical abuses and strengthened the papacy |
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| He was the German printer who is traditionally considered the inventor of movable type. His Mazarin Bible (c. 1455) is believed to be the first book printed with such type. |
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| He was the King of England (1509-1547) who succeeded his father, Henry VII. His divorce from Catherine of Aragon, his first wife, compelled him to break from the Catholic Church by the Act of Supremacy (1534). |
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| A member of the Reformed or Calvinistic communion of France in the 16th and 17th centuries; a French Protestant. |
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| A cultural and intellectual movement of the Renaissance that emphasized secular concerns as a result of the rediscovery and study of the literature, art, and civilization of ancient Greece and Rome. |
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| In the Middle Ages, indulgences were frequently sold, and the teaching on indulgences was often distorted. The attack by Martin Luther on the sale of indulgences began the Reformation. |
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| He was a French-born Swiss Protestant theologian who broke with the Roman Catholic Church (1533) and set forth the tenets of his theology, known today as Presbyterianism, in Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536). |
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| Italian painter, engineer, musician, and scientist. The most versatile genius of the Renaissance, Leonardo filled notebooks with engineering and scientific observations that were in some cases centuries ahead of their time. As a painter Leonardo is best known for The Last Supper (c. 1495) and Mona Lisa (c. 1503). |
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| He was an Italian political theorist whose book The Prince (1513) describes the achievement and maintenance of power by a determined ruler indifferent to moral considerations. |
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| He was a German theologian and leader of the Reformation. His opposition to the wealth and corruption of the papacy and his belief that salvation would be granted on the basis of faith alone rather than by works caused his excommunication from the Catholic Church (1521). Luther confirmed the Augsburg Confession in 1530, effectively establishing the Lutheran Church. |
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| The Peace of Augsburg, which was a result of the Reformation, was signed in 1555 and divided Europe into the Roman Catholic Church and the new Lutheran (Protestant) Church. |
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He was chosen the 220th pope in 1534. He was the first pope of the Counter-Reformation. He tried to reconcile Lutherans to the Church. Approved the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and supported the new orders of Capuchins, Barnabites, Theatines, and Ursulines. |
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| A member of a Western Christian church whose faith and practice are founded on the principles of the Reformation, especially in the acceptance of the Bible as the sole source of revelation, in justification by faith alone, and in the universal priesthood of all the believers. |
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| Not concerned with religion or religious matters. Secular is the opposite of sacred. |
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| He was an English politician, humanist scholar, and writer who refused to comply with the Act of Supremacy, by which English subjects were enjoined to recognize Henry VIII's authority over the pope, and was imprisoned in the Tower of London and beheaded for treason. His political essay Utopia (1516) speculates about life under an ideal government. More was canonized in 1935. |
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| The everyday language spoken by a people as distinguished from the literary language. |
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| He was an English playwright and poet whose body of works is considered the greatest in English literature. His plays, many of which were performed at the Globe Theater in London |
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