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Unit 5
Unit 5 Vocab
68
Geography
9th Grade
02/12/2014

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Term
agriculture
Definition
the deliberate effort to modify a portion of Earth's surface through the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for subsistence or economic grain
Term
agrarian
Definition
the land and its ownership and cultivation
Term
aquaculture
Definition
the farming of aquatic organisms such as fish, crustaceans, mollusks, and aquatic plants
Term
sustainability
Definition
a method of harvesting or using a resource so that the resource is not depleted or permanently damaged
Term
crop
Definition
a plant cultivated by people
Term
primogeniture
Definition
where all land owned by the father is passed to the eldest son
Term
animal domestication
Definition
altering the behaviors, size and genetics of animals to benefit humans
Term
nomadic herding
Definition
the wandering, but controlled movement of livestock, solely dependent on natural forage- is the most extensive type of land use system
Term
second agricultural revolution
Definition
Began in W. Europe in 1600s; intensified agriculture by promoting higher yields per acre/ perfarmer
Term
crop rotation
Definition
the practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year to avoid exhausting the soil
Term
truck farm
Definition
farms that produce high consumer demand products and either trucks them to market or to processing plants
Term
feedlot
Definition
a plot of land on which livestock are fattened for market
Term
Third Agricultural Revolution
Definition
began in mid 1950'2; modern farming that refers to the industrialized production of livestock and crops
Term
biotechnology
Definition
the use of genetically altered crops and DNA manipulation in order to increase production
Term
agribusiness
Definition
the system of agriculture found in developed countries
Term
organic agriculture
Definition
crops that are grown without fertilizers and pesticides
Term
debt-for-nature swap
Definition
developing countries have some of their foreign in exchange for enacting conservation measures
Term
vegetative planting
Definition
the reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants, such as cutting stems and dividing roots
Term
seed agriculture
Definition
the reproduction of plants through annual planting of seeds ; practiced by most farmers
Term
subsistence agriculture
Definition
the production of food primarily for consumption by the farmer's family; found in LDC's
Term
commercial agriculture
Definition
farmers and ranchers sell all of their output for money and buy their families' food at stores
Term
intensive agriculture
Definition
yields a large amount of output per acre through concentrated farming (uses a small amount of land)
Term
extensive agriculture
Definition
yields a large amount of output per acre through less intensive farming (uses a large amount of land)
Term
intensive subsistence agriculture
Definition
a form of subsistence agriculture where farmers expend a relatively large amount of effort to produce the maximum crop yield
Term
extensive subsistence agriculture
Definition
a form of subsistnece agriculture that involves large areas of land with minimal labor
Term
plant domestication
Definition
altering the behaviors, size and genetics of plants to benefit humans
Term
slash-and- burn
Definition
farmers clear land for planting by slashing vegetation and burning the debris
Term
swidden
Definition
an area cleared for farming using the slash and burn technique
Term
shifting cultivation
Definition
a form of subsistence agriculture in which people shift crop activity from one field to another
Term
Neolithic Revolution/First agricultural revolution
Definition
time period when society went from hunters and gathers to farming and domestication of animals, 10,000 BCE
Term
pastoral nomadism
Definition
a form of subsistence agriculture based on the herding of domesticated animals (sheep, goats, cows, etc)
Term
transhumance
Definition
seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures
Term
pasture
Definition
grass or other plants grown for feeding grazing animals, as well as land used for grazing
Term
paddy
Definition
a Malay (from Malaysia) word used to describe flooded fields where rice grows
Term
sawah
Definition
an Austronesian word used to describe flooded fields where rice grows
Term
wet rice
Definition
the practice pf planting rice on dry land in a nursery and then moving it to a flooded field to promote growth
Term
double cropping
Definition
a type of intensive agriculture where two crops are harvested in the same field a year
Term
hunting and gathering
Definition
the capturing and killing of animals and the knowledge and collection of edible plants and food of early humans
Term
Sauer
Definition
Carl O. (the geographer), believed that the hearth of vegetative planting was Southeast Asia, believed vegetative planting came before seed agriculture
Term
plantation
Definition
a form of commercial agriculture, it is a large farm that specializes in one or two crops
Term
cereal grains
Definition
a grass such a oats, wheat, rye or barkey used as food
Term
milkshed
Definition
the ring around a city from which fresh milk can be supplied without spoiling
Term
chaff
Definition
the husk of the seed
Term
winnow
Definition
chaff that is allowed to be blown away by the wind
Term
thresh
Definition
a process of beating the rice heads on the ground to separate the chaff form the seeds
Term
Columbian Exchange
Definition
where products were carried both ways across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans during colonization
Term
dispersed rural settlement pattern
Definition
areas of extensive agriculture practice whose individual farmhouses lay far apart
Term
nucleated rural settlement pattern
Definition
areas of intensive agriculture whose villages are located close together with small surrounding fields
Term
The Enclosure Movement
Definition
England 1700s; the fencing or hedging of large blocks of land for farming
Term
erosion
Definition
the natural process by which material is worn away from the earth's surface; usually by wind, water, or ice
Term
mixed crop and livestock farming
Definition
farmers grow crops and raise livestock on the same land with most of the crops fed to the animals rather than people
Term
patriarchal system
Definition
a society in which men controlled the holding power in the family, the economy, and the government
Term
combine
Definition
a machine that performs reaping, threshing, and cleaning
Term
horticulture
Definition
the growing of fruits, vegetables, and flowers for human consumption
Term
Johann von Thunen
Definition
a german farmer who created a model for rural land use
Term
ridge tillage (intertillage)
Definition
a system of planting crops on ridge tops in order to reduce farm production costs and promote soil conservation
Term
desertification
Definition
degradation of land because of human actions like excessive crop planting, animal grazing, and tree cutting
Term
seed drill
Definition
a machine that more effectively planed seeds
Term
Green Revolution
Definition
began in 1970's; the use of higher yield seeds and expanded use of fertilizers
Term
market gardening
Definition
a farm where people grow products that will be sold in a market
Term
adaptive strategies
Definition
the idea that humans can adapt their agricultural practices to the needs of the society or the environment
Term
collective farm
Definition
farm or group of farms organized as a unit and managed and worker by a group of laborers under state supervision; communist countries
Term
dairying
Definition
branch of agriculture that deals with the breeding, raising, and utilization of dairy animals and the selling of their products
Term
pesticides
Definition
a chemical used to kill pests, especially insects
Term
wattle
Definition
poles and sticks woven tightly together and then covered with mud; used in Africa for housing
Term
hull
Definition
the outer covering of the seed
Term
winter wheat
Definition
a wheat crop that is planted in the autumn and develops a strong root system before growth stops for the winter
Term
spring wheat
Definition
a wheat crop that is planted in the spring and harvested in late summer
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