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Unit 4 vocabulary
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78
Geography
9th Grade
01/23/2013

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Term
political geography
Definition
is the study of the political organization of the planet
Term
government
Definition
is a reference to the leadership and institutions that make policy decisions for a country
Term
politics
Definition
is all about power
Term
territoriality
Definition
efforts to control pieces of the earth's surface for political and social ends
Term
political culture
Definition
the collection of political beliefs, values, practices that the government is based on
Term
boundaries
Definition
invisible lines that mark the extent of a state's territory
Term
frontier
Definition
is a geographic zone where no state exercises power
Term
physical boundaries
Definition
are easy to use, both on reality and maps
Term
median-line principle
Definition
typically set in the middle of the water
Term
cultural boundaries
Definition
the boundaries between some states that are set by ethnic diffrences
Term
consequent boundaries
Definition
aka cultural boundaries
Term
balkanization
Definition
a country falling into several smaller ethnically based countries
Term
shatter belts
Definition
zones of great cultural complexity containing many small cultural groups
Term
geometric boundaries
Definition
are straight, imaginary lines
Term
territorial morphology
Definition
term that describes the shpaes, sizes of states
Term
compact states
Definition
the distance from the center to any boundaries is about same
Term
prorupted states
Definition
compact state with a large projecting extension
Term
elongated states
Definition
have a long and narrow shape
Term
fragmented states
Definition
have several discontinous pieces of territory
Term
perforated states
Definition
a state that completely surrounds another
Term
exclaves
Definition
small bits of territory that lie on coasts seperated from the state by the the territory of another state
Term
enclaves
Definition
are landlocked within another country
Term
microstates
Definition
land spaces of just a few square miles
Term
relative location
Definition
a relative place to the location
Term
landlocked states
Definition
states lacking water border
Term
soverneignty
Definition
the ability of the state to carry out actions in its borders
Term
nationalism
Definition
a sense of unity with fellow citizens
Term
positional disputes
Definition
when states argue about where the border is
Term
territorial disputes
Definition
over the ownership of a region
Term
irredentism
Definition
colonization
Term
resource disputes
Definition
involve natural resources
Term
functional disputes
Definition
when neighboring states agree on policies
Term
institutions
Definition
stable, long lasting organizations that help to turn political ideas into policy
Term
nation
Definition
a group of people that is bound together by a common political identity
Term
nation-state
Definition
a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distant nation or people
Term
binational
Definition
a state that contains more than one nation
Term
stateless nations
Definition
are people without a state
Term
core areas
Definition
expending outward along their frontiers
Term
periphery
Definition
outlying areas
Term
multicore states
Definition
states with more than one core
Term
primate city
Definition
the capital city
Term
forward capital
Definition
if the capital serves as a model for national objectives
Term
electoral process
Definition
methods used in country to select leaders
Term
electoral geography
Definition
is the study of how the spatial configuration electoral districts
Term
gerrymandering
Definition
attempts to redraw boundries to improve the chances of its supporters to win seats
Term
minority districting
Definition
rearranging districits to allow a minority representive to be elected
Term
colonies
Definition
dependent areas
Term
imperialism
Definition
empire building
Term
unitary system
Definition
concentrates all policy making powers in one central geographic place
Term
confederal system
Definition
spreads the power among subunits
Term
federal system
Definition
divides th epower between the central government and subunits
Term
devolution
Definition
the transfer of some important powers from central govenrments to subgov
Term
supranational organizations
Definition
groups of nations that operate together
Term
centripetal forces
Definition
bind together the ppl of a state
Term
centrifugal forces
Definition
tend to fragment them
Term
separatist movement
Definition
nationalities within a country demand an independance
Term
ethnic forces
Definition
an ethnic group shares a well developed sense of belonging to the same culture
Term
ethnonationalism
Definition
the tendency for an ethnic group to see itself as a distinct nation
Term
economic forces
Definition
forces that destabilize a nationstate
Term
spacial forces
Definition
devolutionary events that most often occur on the margins of a state
Term
friedrich ratzel
Definition
geographer in 19th century, theorized that a state compares to biological organism
Term
heart land theory
Definition
states that eurasia holds the resources to dominate
Term
rimland theory
Definition
states that eurasias rim holds the key to global power
Term
cold war
Definition
competition between two superpowers
Term
security council
Definition
responsible for making war decisions
Term
european union
Definition
an organization that promises to redefine the meaning of sovereignty
Term
integration
Definition
is a process that encourages states to pool their sovereignty
Term
three pillars
Definition
1. trade and economic matters
2. justice and home affair
3. common foreign and security policy
Term
monetary policy
Definition
control of the money supply
Term
eurpean monatary union
Definition
the power to set basic intrest rates
Term
globalization
Definition
growing commonalities among nations
Term
third wave
Definition
the defeat of dictatorial rulers
Term
command economy
Definition
socialist principles of centralized planning in state honorship are fading from existance
Term
market economy
Definition
allows for significant from the central gov
Term
mixed economy
Definition
opposite of market economy
Term
privatization
Definition
the transfer of state owned property to private ownership
Term
fragmentation
Definition
divisions based on ethnic or cultural identity
Term
politicization of religion
Definition
the use of religious principles to promote political ends
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