Palmer: "The Establishment of West-European Leadership"

Inner circle vs. outer circle

Compass points on Paris?

The only real big world power!

(others are in civil wars, the past, too small...)

*term mainly reflects France: they are the most powerful, and this is what they are building towards

England: constitutional, limited monarchies

Prussia/France/Sweden/Spain/Austria: absolutist monarchies

Russia: autocratic

...not ALL absolute!

Medieval precedents: Battle of the Bouvines (Magna Carta), Philip IV (starved the pope), Babylonian Captivity, Estates General

--> nobles have always backed the king! can get away with absolutism!

+no Parliament to check it either

NOT NEW STUFF.

But! What is new: there is no competition to check the French! They're on top!

Germans could... but they're not united.

THE 1600s BELONG TO FRANCE!

Age of the Nation-State

-size, population, military, political stability, no competition

--> reflected in language, art, etiquette, fashion, literature, architecture, garden, food

-dominate Europe from 1648-1713, continent to 1871

--> decline of France coincides with the rise of UK, Prussia, & Russia

(1589-1610)

Henry IV assassinated...

(1610-1643)

(1610) 8 years old when he steps up: has a regent!

(1614) Queen Margot (Marie d'Medici) calls the Estates General for the last time until the revolution *ABSOLUTIST!

(1624-1642) The Uncoronated King: Cardinal Richelieu

"Raison d'etat"= real politique!

WHATEVER HELPS THE STATE WITH NO REGARD TO MORALS!

RUTHLESS! (uses Machiavelli's reasoning)

Domestic Policy:

Goal: to strengthen the king!

-never called the Estates

-attacked feudalism--> to centralize, and lessen nobles!

--> establishes the intendent system (national policy v. local)

-middle class people join in! they're competent! and no nobles!

*(1626-1636) Taille & Gabelle approx. doubled: lower class pays

--> tore down castles, forbade dueling & private warfare (more reliance on king!)

-utilized spies

(1629) Peace of Alais "Edict of Grace"

-independent cities can't have militias/fortification...but can keep religious freedom!

Huguenots had better cities...

(1630) Margot banned from court

Foreign Policy:

...same goal.

(1631) Treaty of Barwalde

(1635-48) S/F phase of 30 Years War

(1648) Westphalia

(1659) Treaty of the Pyrenees: France wins! gets some land

(1643-1715)

"Le Roi Soleil": center of everything!

SUPER LONG REIGN!

There have been more powerful, but none this long.

*(1642-1661) Regent in early years... Mazarin

Why was he viewed differently than Richelieu?

1. 30 Years War: people gave up freedoms for protection during times of war! Unity! Nationalism! (but not here and now...)

2. Richelieu was just better ^_^

-more devious, cunning, talented, brought stability post-civil war!

-people don't like Mazarin b/c of financial strain

*(1648-9) (1650-3) The Fronde

-people rose up and rebelled!

1st Fronde: The Parlements

2nd Fronde: Nobles

--> angry with king for taking away traditional rights!

Doesn't do much... but people realize they need a strong king.

King knows not to trust the nobles!

***(1610-1661)

NO DIRECT MONARCH RUNNING THE PLACE!

People believed in the Divine Right! King commands loyalty and respect!

--> Louis knows what he's doing!

1. no chief minister appointed after Mazarin's death

-so any uprisings were against the king only and therefore treason/sacrilege!

2. Bishop Bossuet: totally supported Divine Right!

3. Le Roi Soleil!

-emblem everywhere! 2nd to God!

4. (1682) Versailles becomes new official capital (built 1661-1710)

-totally extravagant! :O

-housed 20,000 nobles... so he could keep an eye on them ;)

-makes the Escorial look like a ghetto

-Facade: 0.5 miles long, 1400 fountains, 1200 orange trees

(1690) cost 200,000,000 Francs! o.O

-60% of royal tax revenue spent on Versailles/The Court

SO. OVER. THE TOP.

...to make you feel insignificant. (because you are)

--> personifies everything that is king! "Proves" divine right!

5. Population

-20m in 1660 (2x Spain, 3-4x England, 10x Dutch)

ADVANTAGES: huge working class! um, Huguenots say yeah?

6. The Army

-400,000 men! (inherited 100k)

7. The Code Louis (1667)

-centralized, national government

--> most expansive code until Napoleon!

-but keep local Parlements running, so the nobles still feel a bit special

BUT NO THREATS! (disbands Paris one)

8. Government Operations

a. Role of King

-constantly particpated in EVERYTHING!

-listens to other's opinions & sometimes changed... but behind closed doors! (don't make me look bad)

-popped in on everyone! so involved!

...aaaannd you can't plan anything behind his back!

b. Role of Nobility

-reduction in power through the extension of privilege

--> wine/dine/no taxes... pampered into submission!

-prosperity through the king & social status through court life

(used bureaucrats/middle class for actual consultation)

+used war as a way to keep nobles busy! (AND promote unity for the nation behind him)

c. Role of the Middle Class

-Intendent System: works well! They're actually gaining status!

-extension of mercantilism (Jean Colbert was king's Finance Minister: middle class! makes sense!)

--> no internal, raise external tariffs!

*masses are happy with stability & food!

9. The Church

a. Philosophy: One king, one law, one faith.

CATHOLIC. You can't say the king is wrong!

b. (1660) Jansenism banned

-somewhat Catholic, somewhat Calvinist... can't have that! nope!

c. (1682) Declaration of the Clergy of France

-state runs church

*d. The Edict of Fountainbleu

-officially revokes the Edict of Nantes

Later: Huguenots leave (illegally) and then welcomed by Prussia...

Goals:

1. use nationalism to create political unity & centralized power in France

2. extend France to its "natural" borders (Pyrenees, Alps, Rhine)

*3. distract the nobility & stop feudal civil wars

4. ensure French dominance over the continent

The War of Devolution (1667-1668)

Background!: (1659) Treaty of the Pyrenees: peace treaty with Spain/France

+Louis marries Maria Theresa

-->*Law of Devolution: daughter of first marriage gets property before son of second marriage

--> Louis wants to move in and gain land!

Interprets this land as the Spanish NE (just looking for justification, really)

BUT EVERYONE GANGS UP!

---> The Triple Alliance (United Provinces, England, Sweden)

(1668) Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

The Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678)

Background!: War of Devolution + (1670) Treaty of Dover + NE solar eclipse cartoons XD

Louis: ok, E's good. LET'S GET THE DUTCH! (E/F don't want it around: economic threat)

(1672) William III of Orange (king of England)

-stadtholder of the United Provinces

--> gets E out! (cuts some sort of secret deal...)

The Quadruple Alliance (United Provinces, Austria, Spain?!, Brandenburg?!!)

Spain?! You got independence with them! And why Brandenburg?? well, Protestant I guess...

REALLY: BALANCE OF POWER POLITICS!

Fighting for position! Not ideaology!

(1678) Treaty of Nijmwegen

debts piling up...

The War of the League of Augsburg "9 Years" (1688-1697)

Background!: (1648) + (1681) Strasbourg-> moves in! Thinks he deserves some territory, blahblahblah...

(1683-1684) War of the Reunions & The Truce of Ratisbon

*Gentlemen's War (losers go home!) --> ok, you go get rid of the Turks, we'll wait here!

(1686) League of Augsburg (Austria, Spain, Sweden, Bavaria, Saxony, Palatine, Dutch)

(1688) The Glorious Revolution

(1697) Treaty of Ryswick

What he wins isn't enough to offset taxes... and debt :P

The War of Spanish Succession (1701-1713)

-largest of Louis Wars! (since 30yrs)

-first war of this magnitude with professional armies/overseas fighting!

+religion is irrelevant, stakes were international commerce/trade

Background!: (1665-1700) Charles II

potentail heirs: grandson of Louis OR a Hapsburg!

--> people want Leopold

...when grandson of Louis dies, we'll have an heiry situation!

Named as king!

(1701) The Grand Alliance (Austria, England, United Provinces, further supported by Brandenburg, Savoy, & Portugal)

WANTS SPAIN FOR A MEGA-COUNTRY!

Most significant since Westphalia.

Most of Europe present: including the UK

France and Britain are top powers: but heading in opposite directions...

France: The Momentum Begins to Shift

-Bourbons take the Spanish throne (Philip V)

HOWEVER, they can't be politically combined! ...allies, but what else?

-first widescale criticism of Louis XIV in France (successors feel effects)

-->starvation, taxes +desires to expand are checked!

(1715) gov't income= 69m livres, expenditures= 132m

England: The Biggest Victors of All

-ascend to economic supremacy in Europe

-Strait of Gibraltar, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, *The Asiento: slave trade!

-confirms permanance of Glorious Revolution (Hanovers get the throne)

-House of Commons further strengthened above the House of Lords

-political & economic stability sets stage for industrialization

Spain: Further Crippled.

-Bourbon rule unti 1831...?

-increased stability (Philip V= 1700-1746) but too little, too late...

-empire further carved up in the name of peace

Austria: Paid of in Southern Territory for Loss of Throne

-Spanish NE becomes Austrian NE

+Milan, Naples, Sardinia

United Provinces: Increased Security

Surpassed by England as economic leader.

Savoy

(including Piedmont): gained Sicily --> traded to Austria for Sardinia in 1720

i.e. kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia is here (1861 is approaching!)

Brandenberg

Gains its own kingdom for lending the army to Austrian-Hapsburgs

i.e. kingdom of Prussia is here (1871 is coming!)

STUART ENGLAND AND THE FORMATION OF LIMITED MONARCHY

Beginning with James I

(1603-1625) Founder of the Stuart Dynasty

-enters after Elizabeth

(1371) Stuarts start ruling Scotland

(1567) becomes James VI at age 1: mary's imprisoned

(1586) The Treaty of Berwick (with me, not against me, Jimmy! Love, Liz)

A "No Win" Situation

1. has HUGE shoes to fill!

2. the Stuarts are outsiders! Scottish! DIFFERENT!

3. inherits debt! wars+low taxes= not good... (Yoohoo, Parl?)

4. Parl: Dude, I owe you NOTHIN'. The Tudors made me rich, not you!

BUT HEY,

at least Jimmy's smart.

J: If I avoid wars, I shall avoid calling Parliament! *The key to absolutism!!

(1598) "A Trew Law of Free Monarchies"

(1604) final peace negotiated with Spain

(1614-1621) ruled w/o calling Parliament. *sigh*

BUT! No wars, maintains peace, it's alright.

*fundraising techniques: found weird Middle Ages taxes, sold knighthoods, etc.

Religion:

A new monarch... pendulum can swing again.

Catholics: Mary was a devout one! Go mommy!

Puritans: church of Scotland was Presbyterian! Yeah! :D

aaaaannd... he stays the same. Anglican.

SO THE MAJORITY'S HAPPY.

(1604) Hampton Court Conference

The Millenary Petition- their demands of the church of England

-king meets with Puritans

-3/4 of House of Commons was wealthy! Thanks to Puritan work ethic! (in an ok position to challenge the king)

(1611) King James Bible= encouraged sports on Sunday! to annoy them...

(1620) AMERICA!

(1630-40) 40,000 Puritans emigrate, 1/2 to America

*Cromwell almost went! :O

GUY FAWKES.

-The Gunpowder Plot-

(1605)

Stock up gunpowder in an underground tunnel to blow up Parliament/royals.

But, Jamesy never calls it.

NICE.

Guy is caught, and arrested. cool.

REMEMBER, REMEMBER, THE FIFTH OF NOVEMBER...

(1625-1649)

The Success of Parliament

1. national body (no local councils)

2. Lord & Commons (gentry)= both landowning groups! wealthy! (and therefore SOMETIMES on the same page)

3. Power of the Purse: they all pay taxes too! want a say!

(1623) war with Spain (uh, stupid much?)

(1627-1629) Anglo-French War

...doesn't get it!

Enter: PARL

(June 18- Aug. 12, 1625) The First Parliament [we don't like yoooouuu...]

A sign of things to come...

shut down within 2 months! Because they didn't give him enough money.

Parl: Alright, well, either you quit fighting wars, or fund them yourself!

Charlie: FINE.

*tonnage and poundage: traditional revenue taxes, but only for a year! (hah.Parl)

*The Forced Loan: give me a $ loan, until Parliament pays you back! :D

WTF?!

(1628) The Petition of Right

Parl's demands: nothing new! Just officializing the "Magna Carta"

-Parl passes taxes

--> Charles agrees! :D for money! ...and breaks it :P

COME ON, YO!

Also... Duke of Buckingham assassinated (1628)

Charles: PARL! That's your fault!

The Thorough (1629-1640)

Longest period in history without summoning Parliament.

--> Thomas Wentworth, The Earl of Strafford, William Laud (Archbishop of Canterbury)

very absolutist and such...

Controversial Fundraising:

(1629) The Distraint of Knighthood

(1634) Ship Money: everyone helps to pay for navy! moving a coastal tax inland.

(1629) Parl's demands (JohnEliotpuritanleader) led to dissolving

+peace with France +(1630) and Spain

DOESN'T GET IT.

(1639-1640) First & Second Bishops' Wars

(1638) National Covenant: Scot's complaints of Charles [mostly religious]

(1639) "Book of Common Prayer" by Charles. GO ANGLICANISM!

Buuuut he needs Parl now...

The Short Parliament (April 13-May 5, 1640)

We're not giving you money!

HOW DARE YOU?!

Dissolved.

But oh yeah... the Scots.

The Long Parliament (Nov. 3, 1640- Mar. 16, 1660)

-led by John Pym (political leader of Puritan Commons faction) (John Hampton too)

Pretty strong... and Charlie's desperate!

But how do we know he'll follow through this time?

(1641) Excecution of Thomas Wentworth (Earl of Strafford)

--> lead advisor during non-Parliament time, violated law of the land

TREASON! Charlie: ok, ok. You can have him.

-elimination of Star Chamber/Court of High Commissions

-revoked forced loans/ship money/knight stuff

*The Triennial Act: Parl. must be called at least once/3 years

(Nov. 1641) The Grand Remonstrance: 204 articles of Parliamentary rights!

Charlie: HEY! Don't take too much!

King shows up with army --> Parl. members run --> shuts down Parl!

(1642-1649)

Roundheads v. Cavaliers

PARL SUPPORTERS V. KING SUPPORTERS

Puritans, gentry (commons), merchant/middle class, urban centers (liberal strongholds), city workers, Scotland (presbyterianism)

vs.

Catholics (don't want Puritans in lead!), Irish (to a certain degree), rural lower class (more conservative/traditional), Lords! (bit of a split...) & some nobles, high church members

ROUNDHEADS WIN!

Advantages:

1. money

2. cities (including London!)

3. control of the ports and therefore trade

4. leadership... OLLIE.

*5. John Pym for political skill: ensured alliance with the Scots (they have a history of strong militia)

(1649) Charles I beheaded...

Not a popular event.

But, Cromwell says it has to happen. (Army kicks out opposers, and people agree.)

"Between Reigns"

(1649-1658) Oliver Cromwell

(1658-1660) Richard

In theory: democracy. Reality: dictator.

(Dec. 1648) Pride's Purge: soldiers get rid of "threatening" Parl members

--> Rump Parliament: 500 to 56 members :O

(1649-1653) English Commonwealth: not Parl!

(1653-1660) The English Protectorate

I'M THE LORD PROTECTOR. (1653) The Instrument of Government

(huge ego, doesn't see himself as hypocritical.)

(1647-9) suppression of the Levellers (John Lilburne) wanted democracy...?

(1649-51) and the Diggers (Gerard Winstanley) wanted socialism... sort of.

(1649) invasion of Ireland

(1650) invasion of Scotland

...to sort of keep control? and land is taken by Protestants: becoming majority!

(1651) Navigation Acts: Atlantic trade expanding/use B. ships.

led to--> (1652-4) Anglo-Dutch War

(1655) England divided into 12 military districts

(1658) death of Oliver Cromwell...

BRING BACK THE KING. PLLEEEEAAASSE. At least we can have fun! :/

(1660-1685)

Let's go to 1640 status quo.

Charles had to flee during Cromwell (tried leading Scots, doesn't work)

(1660) Declaration of Breda

-returns! on his birthday! on his birthday! ^_^ PEOPLE ARE SO HAPPY!

--> says he will pardon majority of enemies, & bring back Parl!

MUTUAL TOLERATION. (I mean, we need each other...)

"The Last King" ...before it's just a title, and he's a figurehead.

with "The Cavalier Parliament"

*(1663-1665) London plague + (1666) The London Fire

--> national closeness

Charles: I'm just happy to wear the crown! :) LET'S HAVE FUN! WOOO!

*dug up Cromwell and beheaded him... Catholic tradition?

--> very tolerant!

Buuuut... the unity deteriorates :/

The Clarendon Code (1661-1665)

(1661) Corporation Act: Anglican eucharist

(1662) Act of Uniformity: prayer book

(1664) Coventicle Act: <5 people to worship outside church

(1665) Five Mile Act

...ANTI-CATHOLIC, AND PURTIAN!

We don't want Cromwell again! But wait... wasn't Parl Puritan?

Yeah, but some left, and others converted.

(People were still nervous of Catholics taking over)

(1670) Treaty of Dover

-temporary British/French alliance against the Dutch

-also, $200-300k/year to convert to Catholicism... takes the money! but doesn't do that. psh.

(1672) Declaration of Indulgence

-against non-Anglican Protestans (working up to re-Cath?! FEAR!!)

(1673) The Test Act

-banned Cath. from gov't, officials, denied transubstantiation

--> stops most extreme Catholics

+ OUTED JAMES II! CATHOLIC! DEVOUT! (Charles' little brother)

um, definitely NOT a political move.

Paranoia growing... (1678) Popish Plot?

(1679) The Exclusion Bill

JAMES CANNOT BE KING! AYE OR NAY?

--> forms Whigs (liberal) & Tories (conservative)

Charles: Well, hey now, he really should be king...

(1680-5) Charles rules without Parl!

(1685) failed coup of the Duke of Monmouth- illegitimate kid trying to get throne

(1685-1688)

UH OH.

Jimmy: I do what I want. I'm king. [yay! we learned nothing! :D]

(1685) increased size of peacetime army

-dissolved Parl

-apptd. lots of Caths

-created court of Ecclesiastical Commission

-restricted habeus corpus

(Louis with Nantes...?)

UH OH.

(1687) Declaration of Indulgence: helps Catholics

(June 10th, 1688) birth of James Edward by 2nd wife, Anne...

CRAP.

CATHOLIC DYNASTY?

(Nov. 5, 1688)

William III of Orange & Mary [daughter of James II] [[Protestant]]

First "successful" invasion of England since 1066.

Why didn't France stop it?

Louis is preoccupied with 9 Years War. Goes off w/o a hitch!

William III (1688-1702)

(-1694) co-ruled with Mary!

*(1689) THE ENGLISH BILL OF RIGHTS

-Parliament approves everything: laws, army, taxes

WE RUN THE COUNTRY!

Legacy: Parliament Power.

(1689) The Toleration Act: all Protestants, but not Catholics (Latitudinarianism)

(1690) The Battle of the Boyne

-James II's attempt to invade, via IRELAND.

enemies... -_- (James/Edward= "the pretenders")

(1701) The Act of Settlement

-"pretenders" can't rule! if no more Stuarts, will pass to Hanovers

Queen Anne (1702-1714)

The Last of the Stuarts

(1701-1713) War of Spanish Succession!

(1707) The Act of Union

-Great Britain! :D (Eng+Scotland+Wales)

and peacefully :)

--> afraid of France, war is being fought over succession (afraid of pretenders rising in Spain!)

(1713) Utrecht

(1714) The Act of Settlement enacted

[Anne outlives kids]

--> Hanovers! GERMANS!

*strengthens Parl

(1688-1832) ruled by land gentry (i.e. commons weren't exactly common)

(1710) law on land ownership furthered restriction on who could serve

-not paid for being in commons til 1910!

(1832) m. class finally gets right to vote

*William Hogarth

-commented on political corruption/public social problems in paintings

-an artist, satirical

Hobbes

(1651) Leviathan: post civil war, wants strong monarch!

Without one, it's anarchy! That's why we, as humans, want government!

Otherwise, people fight. Compete.

*supported Cavaliers

Social Contract: We form gov'ts/give rights for protection!

IT'S A NATURAL, SCIENTIFIC PROCESS!

...supported Cromwell! absolutist! not new...

BUT! his justification: NOT DIVINE RIGHT. We need a king. (naturallaw.humannature.)

Hmm...now we can question...

Just because the government exists! they should all be loyal!

Locke

In response, on some levels!

(1690) Two Treatisies of Government: post glorious rev. (almost used as justification: written before, published after)

(1690) Essay Concerning Human Understanding

(1690) Letter on Toleration

-not so negative about humans!

-we form gov't to protect property! (go wealth!)

-but we won't give up all freedoms! LIFE, LIBERTY, & PROPERTY.

NATURAL LAWS! RIGHTS!

--> people remain loyal to gov'ts that respect interests! not just ones that exist :P

Revolution: justified! Rebellion: not. (no breach)

--> social contract must be violated!

But, be loyal of the goverment is doing ok...

 + we were born as "blank slates" and are completely molded by our environments

--> new idea! challenged old stuff about innate knowledge

(1713) unites B/F timelines

--> remain top powers, but heading in opposite directions

*(1763) B ousts F from America/others

(1769) James Watt

(1789) uh oh...

Spain: DEAD

-lost territory, Atlantic, debt piling up

Dutch: ALSO DEAD

-not hurting, just not the top! (small population, Navigation Acts)

In Common:

-small pop.

-hurt by war

-economic competition

The Age of Walpole & Fleury (1713-1740)

Walpole: first prime minister

Fleury: cardinal regent to Louis XV

AN AGE OF PEACE! (between wars of succession)

(1714-1901) THE HANOVER DYNASTY

(1714-1727) George I

(1727-1760) George II

(1760-1820) George III

(1820-1830) George IV

(1830-1837) William IV

(1837-1901) Victoria

They're German! Don't belong to any groups: go British identity! (for everyone else)

*WHIGS RUN IT! LIBERAL! (18th cent.)

(1715) James Edward "Old Pretender"

(1745) Charles Edward "Young Pretender" ---> try to come back

Robert Walpole (1720-1742)

-first "prime minister", though appointed by king

-sets precedents for future positions (Downing Street, cabinet)

*not democratic though! bribed and stuff.

-post South Sea Bubble Crisis

CULTURE SHOCK:

(1719) Daniel DeFoe "Robinson Crusoe"

+Bronte sisters, Alexander Pope... proves British stability!

Louis XV (1715-1774)

-great grandson of XIV

-ruled for a long time! stable, but regent @ beginning

(1715-1723) Phillipe: Duke of Orleans

-bows to pressure of nobles in order to gain legitimacy (m. class mad!)

-Paris Parlement reestablished

(1726-1743) Cardinal Fleury

-tutor turned minister, pursued peace when he could

A TON OF DEBT!

*Madame de Pompadour

-king's mistress, very supportive of Enlightenment!

(1720) The South Sea Bubble [Britain] ((John Aislabe))

Mississippi Bubble [France] ((John Law))

Stock value swelled, speculators sold to banks, inflated $, no hard coins!

BUBBLE POPS!

--> B. fairs better: stronger economy/everyone's taxed

Stuck in the past!

Why?!

Landlocked! No trade, no ideas/innovations from other parts of the world!

+feudalism still exists

--> no revolutions here! :(

*power shifts: Prussia/Russia are fighting for European land (not like B/F overseas)

HRE --> Austria

Ottoman Empire --> Prussia

Poland --> Russia

What happened to them?!

Otto: ethnic problems, lost Mediterranean Sea, *ijtahad: Muslims rejecting technology & materialism! +fighting lots of wars

Poland: bad geography :P in between. and flat.

HRE: 1648 

(Hapsburgs, Vienna)

dying, dying...

-lost HRE! no pull in the German states!

Hmm. Who's weaker that we can take over?

MOVE EAST!

Ok, we got land, resources... aaaand an ethnic problem o.O

Leopald I (1657-1705)

(1683) Ottoman siege of Vienna

(1699) Peace of Karlowitz: Otto lost Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia

Joseph I (1705-1711) Charles VI (1711-1740)

(1713) Utrecht + Pragmatic Sanction

NO MALE HEIR!  --> recognize my daughter as HRE!

Maria Theresa (1740-1780)

-5 mos. after, Frederick the Great! will lead to war...

WALPOLE AND FLEURY ENDS!

(Hohenzollerns, Berlin)

(1415) Hohens became electors of Brandenberg

(1618) Brand. [Berlin] & Prussia [Konigsberg] combined through inheritance

--> 30 Yrs War! united, then got more! +autonomy!

-Eastern Prussia, Halberstadt, Magdeburg

*we're gonna need to connect all of these sometime!

Frederick William

"The Great Elector"

-unsung hero of Prussian development!

-inherited Berlin (6,000/14,000 at start)

*nephew of Gustavus Adolphus, gsoninlaw of William the Silent

-spent over a year in Europe studying other nations

Secret to Success: MILITARY!

Defensive & logistics.

(1656) raised first Prussian standing army (18k)

*REAL GENIUS: bureaucracy!

-linked "junkers" (nobles) to military: status by service, separate law code, full control of serfs

-frugal court spending + 2x taxes of France w/o exemptions (spent on military! nobles are ok with it, because it kinda comes back to them)

-culture of obedience, hard work, efficiency (minimal corruption)

-added 40k sq.mi. of territory (most from Sweden) --> recognition from Poles

-military encourages economic growth despite no free entreprenuers (want to be cutting edge)

*(1685) Edict of Potsdam

-told Huguenots to come here! You're welcome to work!

(1697) 1/6-1/5 of Berlin= French labor

+canal system

*Hohenzollerns were Calvinist!

Frederick I (1688-1713)

AKA "III of Brandenberg"

(Jan. 18, 1701) first official king of Prussia

--> lent 8k troops to Hapsburgs & sold HRE vote during Spanish succession

Frederick William I (1713-1740)

"The Soldier King"

-first utilized great military

-first king to always wear his uniform

THE MILITARY IS THE COUNTRY.

(1713) 40k standing army

(1740) 83k! 4th largest! [13th in pop.]

-1, France. 2, Russia. 3, Austria.

(1733) system for peasant conscription

-80% of budget on military! v. 2% on court

--> cut spending on court by 3/4

*(1717) Edict of 1717

-first schooling attempt! didn't work that well... but hey, they're starting early!

SEED!

--> (1750) leading in primary/secondary edu. + literacy

(1723) General Directory: cabinet and stuff.

*(1694) University of Halle: first one!

Frederick II "The Great" (1740-1786)

A change in military policy! LET'S ACTUALLY USE THIS STUFF!

-inherited large army + budget surplus

Hey, why not?

+came to power 5mo. before Maria Theresa!

-makes Prussia part of Big 5

-doubles Prussia's population to 6m (Silesia)

-increased standing army to 200k

*starts both of last two wars of this era! (Austrian/7)

Why haven't we been talking about them?

They just haven't made contact with western Europe!

And, it's really far... right now, you can't go fast by land!

hmm. water? boating?

...more like skiing.

(Archangel was their best port! :( til Peter...)

*Rurik Dynasty (862-1613)

Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

(882) Kiev established as capital

(988) Prince Vladimir converts

--> came into contact w/ Byzantine Empire... fascinated!

Whatever they do, we need to do!

PROBLEM?!

Well, they'll be gone soon... and yeah, you'll have to be Orthodox.

Distanced... SPLIT, from west even more!

*Saints Cyril & Methodius

-the Cyrilic alphabet! combined Greek & Slavic! Language barrier!

ANOTHER cultural separation!

GAPS ARE WIDENING!

And if that's not enough...

(1240) Mongols invade Russia

"The Golden Horde"/"Tartar Yoke"

--> destroyed Kiev, used fear as a weapon! :(

Didn't reach same pop. again until the 19th century :/

Ivan III "The Great" (1462-1505)

(1480) expelled the Mongols! :D! at the Ugra River

But, in 1453, Byzantines are gone...

no allies :/ all alone...

(1472) married Zoe: niece of last Byzantine Emperor

So, I'm the heir! :D

(1480) Moscow established as capital

"Third Rome" (1492) --> I'm the tsar! (1493)

...not officially coronated, but states the name

Ivan IV "The Terrible" (1533-1584)

A disturbed personality.

[nickname: supposed to be a compliment... awesome?]

(but defenestrated animals. come on.)

+tortured people :/

A MIXED LEGACY: EMPIRE, AUTOCRACY, SERFDOM

-formation of streltsy (standing army)

-50sq.mi. of land added per day, + Ural Mountains: YEAH! :D

But... harder to control. super agrarian, too!

Czars: I need the nobles to carry my words! Because I don't have any infrastructure to support them...

SO, I'll allow serfdom to flourish!

*(1581) restricted free mobility of Peasants

...and right now, the west is in the commercial revolution

*Zemski Sobor (noble council to czar) vs. Oprichima (thug police)

Stoglavy Sobor Patriarch: religious leader! (1589)

--> TWO SONS: Dmitri & Theodore

Ivan: Dmi, I don't like your spouse.

*hits him, kills him* But, Teddy is mentally retarded :(

The Times of Trouble (1584-1598)

-10,000 starve in Moscow :/ civil war of sorts...

(1606) Poland and the "False Dmitri"

come on, guys...

(1613-1917)

After chaos... nobles realize that this isn't good :P

Let's agree!

Mikhail Romanov (1613-1645)

-chosen by Boyars! (nobles)

--> young (for molding), some royal connection

--> Zemski Sobor will be needed for advising!

*(1625) If you kill someone's serf, you replace it.

uh huh.

*17th CENTURY RUSSIA: A SNAPSHOT!

"The Second World"

Lame compared to Europe, but still only about average compared to the rest!

Alexis Romanov (1645-1676)

An overshadowed name.

(1646) landowners had to officially register serfs

(1649) Legal Code: 1000+ articles pertaining to serfdom

(1658) serf flight= illegal!

(1667) Stephen Razin (Don Cossack) rebellion [peasants]

(1667) Truce of Andrusovo: absorption of Ukraine from Poland

(1675) serfs could be sold independent of land [uh, SLAVERY?!]

*(1678-1719) 4/5 of peasants were serfs :/

--> (1676-1682 Thedore III...<--

(1682) HIS DEATH BRINGS CONTROVERSY!

-married twice... Ivan from first wife

Ivan vs. Peter

Ivan: older, but mentally retarded! Sister Sophia can play regent!

Nah, we need a solid leadership...

COMPROMISE: JOINT RULE (1682-1696)

Ivan (16) + Peter (10) with Sophia as regent

(1680s) childhood

-loved to build stuff! :D

-hung out with military! and of course, they taught him whatever he wanted to know...

-Peter's "Fronde": Sophia gets Streltsy together to oust Peter, he hears and flees, but his military buddies help ;) byebye sophie!

...but, he just wants to keep having fun! (1689-1698) mother=regent

(1696) Ivan's death

(1682-17250

HUGE.

...could bend a horseshoe in his bare hands.

People were scared of him... but that's good!

(1697-1698) THE GRAND EMBASSY

visited Paris and other major European cities! first Russian tsar to do so!

originally wanted allies... but with wars going on, that didn't really happen.

Awed by French courts, Dutch shipbuilding...

Hey, they're mocking us! :( Let's change! So we're taken seriously!

--> returned with 1000+ expert helpers, adopted French in the courts (greater divide?), shaved beards and cut sleeves (or keep it with a tax)

To save cultural face! not just to be cultural...

-sent nobles abroad before marriage, so they could see

(1699) adoption of Julian Calendar

(1714) mandated elementary edu. for noble kids

*women got no veils! ^_^

--> (1698) Streltsy Uprising [why he returned]

-1200 killed (5 by him :/)

(1721) Holy Synod: council of religious leaders apptd. by him

(hated by the Orthodox church)

--> dissolved Patriarch: no opposing leader!

*ruthlessly raised taxes to pay for changes... he was hated at the time, actually :/

Things faded out over time... but St. Petersburg, military, technology, and trade remain!

THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR (1700-1721)

vs. Sweden (Charles XII)

--> young guy! seemed like an easy target to Peter

(1700) Battle of Narva: 8000 Swedes v. 35k Russians

(1709) Poltava: winter, scorched Earth policy (Russian standby)

(1721) Treaty of Nystadt

-confirms Swedes' loss of territory to Russia

+end of their power, but shift towards democracy!

(1703) A new capital and a commercial shift from Moscow to St. Petersburg

"Window to the West"

(1700-1725) foreign trade increased 10x

(1680-1724) Russian revenue grew 1.4m --> 8.5m Rubles

[75% spent on military]

"Industrial serfdom": serfs lent to cities!

(1722) The Table of Ranks

-status by service

(1725) death of Peter the Great

-dove into ocean to save 2 guys, caught pneumonia :(

[1725-1762]

Catherine I, Peter II, Anna, Ivan VI, Elizabeth, Peter III

-nobles regained hereditary status (Table of Ranks dissolved)

-mercantilism/industrial serfdom fades

-sleeves & beards return

1. Reflection of continued centralization of Europe

-standing armies, standard uniforms, chain of command

-generals= nobles, soldiers= middle class (civilians generally unaffected)

2. Emphasis on infantry w/ muskets (Gustavus, Fred the Great)

3. slow and deliberate (chess match)

4. wars fought for balance of power

Central Issues: power, prestige, territory, colonies, commerce

WEST: mercantilism fuels it, EAST: border shifts!

*NOT religion or ideaology!

5. Today's adversary is tomorrow's ally. (no bitter rivalries)

Jenkin's (1739)

-English smuggler... violated some Utrecht stuff

--> Spanish cut off his ear! :O Parl gets mad...

Wally's overridden.

FLOWS INTO...

Austrian Succession (1740-1748)

(1740) emergence of Frederick the Great and Maria Theresa

Fred: Hey! Give me Silesia, and I'll acknowledge her.

Austria: uh, NOPE!

Fred: ok, I'M INVADIN'!

Sides form:

Spain vs. Britain, Prussia vs. Austria

--> Louis XV allies w/ Prussia (F. Bourbons in Spain, F. doesn't like B)

--> FRANCE/PRUSSIA VS. BRITAIN/AUSTRIA

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle (1748)

-status quo antebellum for B/F

-Prussia gains Silesia (double pop. to 6m+ resource gain)

-Austria negotiates w/ Hungarian nobles for war support

(1745-1765) Maria Theresa co-rules with husband Francis I

(1765-1780) son Joseph II co-rule

FLIPPING OF THE SIDES

(1756-1761) William Pitt, The Elder: secretary of state

Pitt: Let's have a strong Prussia, to check F's power!

(1756) Convention of Westminster

(1756) The [lessfamous] Treaty of Versailles

-BRITAIN/PRUSSIA V. FRANCE/AUSTRIA

AND, Louis & Marie Antoinette wed...

(1756-1763)

(1754) GW and The Point

(1756) Fred the Great begins European phase [TARGET: SAXONY!]

Prussia v. Austria/Russia/F/Sweden on the continent...

*B. fights in America!

6m vs. 60m! Prussia's outnumbered!

--> B. sends financial aid

(1757) Battle of Plassey [Robert Clive]

-B. takes India from F.

(1759-1760) Quebec + Montreal

(1760-1820) George III [first Hanover born in UK, a bit more power]

Pitt: Hey! Let's bring troops, we owe Prussia! We got what we want thanks to Frederick!

G: nope! I just wanna end the war.

(1761) Pitt resigns rather than betray Frederick

(1762) Peter III of Russia pulls out: HE'S GERMAN!

(1763) Peace of Hubertusburg: status quo

-victory for Prussia: Silesia solidified!

*Peace of Paris (1763)

-F. in debt [biggest losers]

-biggest victors of all: Prussia + Britain (*nudge nudge*)

 *(1765-1785) British trade w/ America & the East triples!

But, a reminder of the profit source...

(1790) slave ships to US

UK= 38k

France= 20k

Portugal= 10k

Netherlands= 4k

Denmark= 2k