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Unit 4
Development, Social Psych, Personality, Psychological Disorders, Health Psych
55
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
12/01/2020

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Term
Developmental Psychology
Definition
the science of how and why people change over time, from conception to death
Term
epigenetic changes
Definition
Identical twins become less similar over time
Term
universal development
Definition
some facets of development seem to be constant across cultures
Term
Ecological Development
Definition
environments can affect developmental processes.
Term
stem cells
Definition
cells that are capable of differentiating into any other cell.
Term
teratogens
Definition
substance or condition that increases the risk of prenatal abnormalities. Includes drugs, pollutants, radiation, diseases, malnutrition, extreme stress
Term
FAS (Fetal Alcohol Syndrome)
Definition
associated with consumption of large amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.
Term
thalidomide
Definition
substance once used to treat morning sickness
*led to many children being born with malformed arms and legs
Term
threshold effect
Definition
some teratogens are virtually harmless until a particular threshold, when they become damaging
Term
transient exuberance
Definition
From birth to age 2, there is a 5x increase in density of dendrites in the cortex
Term
myelination
Definition
process in which axons become
coated with myelin, which speeds neural impulses. Proceeds quickly from six months after conception to age 4, and continues into adolescence.
Term
neural Darwinism
Definition
Neurons that fire are preserved and strengthened, those that don’t are pruned
Term
conservation knowledge
Definition
the idea that the amount of something (e.g. number, volume) stays constant even if it undergoes a change in appearance.
Term
object permanence
Definition
when a baby realizes that things still exist when they’re out of sight.
Term
object concept
Definition
These studies in general show that young children have an _____________, or an idea of how objects should behave
Term
egocentrism
Definition
Piaget used the three mountains task to test if children are able to understand the viewpoint of someone else (__________).
Term
Theory of Mind
Definition
the idea that other people might have different thoughts or beliefs.
Term
guided learning
Definition
Vygotsky though children were “apprentices in thinking,” since learning is directed by other, often more skilled individuals through ________ ___________.
Term
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
Definition
Vygotsky’s term for skills a person is not quite able to do on his or her own, but can with assistance
Term
scaffolding
Definition
support provided to children while they learn new skills (e.g. pointing things out, explaining, listening
Term
temperament
Definition
inborn predisposition
Term
attachment
Definition
emotional bond between infant and caregiver (associated with John Bowlby).
Term
personality
Definition
characteristic ways of behaving, thinking, and feeling
Term
attributions
Definition
reasons why other people behave the way they do
Term
dispositional attribution
Definition
a reason for behavior based on fundamental qualities of a person.
Term
situational attributions
Definition
a reason for behavior based on a person’s circumstances.
Term
correspondence bias (CB)
Definition
Term
fundamental attribution error (FAE)
Definition
people tend to ignore situational variables when considering the behavior of others
Term
self-serving bias
Definition
we tend to view our own successes as products of our dispositional variables, but view our failures as products of situational variables.
Term
Dunning-Kruger Effect aka illusory superiority.
Definition
people of low ability on a given task often overestimate their competence compared with others. Can lead to inflated confidence.
Term
Imposter Syndrome
Definition
people of high ability often underestimate their competence compared with others and attribute successes to luck. Can lead to deflated confidence.
Term
Just-World Belief
Definition
we tend to think that people “get what they deserve” (e.g. people who lose their job or get sick) even if this is not the case.
Term
social norms
Definition
rules for conduct in social situations. Can vary by culture or group.
Term
conformity
Definition
matching behavior to the social norms of a group. Helps to prevent rejection by the group.
Term
compliance
Definition
obeying the request of another person when they don’t have any direct authority over you. Commonly used in sales techniques.
Term
door-in-the-face technique
Definition
greater compliance for a small request when it’s preceded by a large request.
Term
food-in-the-door technique
Definition
once a person has agreed to a small request, it is easier to get them to agree to a larger request.
Term
obedience
Definition
obeying the request of a person who has authority (e.g. police officer, teacher).
Term
altruism
Definition
an act that leads to gains to a recipient, and no gain or harm to an actor.
Term
reciprocal altruism
Definition
individuals who trade favors will be better off than those who don’t cooperate with anyone.
Term
bystander intervention
Definition
the likelihood of a person helping another decreases as the number of bystanders increases.
Term
aggression
Definition
deliberate attempt to harm others.
Term
comorbidity
Definition
many individuals have more than 1 disorder. This makes coming up with an absolute number of people with disorders difficult.
Term
evidence-based practice
Definition
evidence from controlled scientific experiments when treating patients.
Term
psychotherapy
Definition
patients discuss their issues with a trained professional in an attempt to lessen symptoms of psychological disorders.
Term
biological approach
Definition
uses drug therapy or brain manipulations to treat disorders.
Term
behavior therapy and applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Definition
uses classical and operant conditioning to help change behaviors.
&
examines observable behavior and uses conditioning techniques to change it.
Term
cognitive behavior therapy (CBT)
Definition
combining ABA treatment with cognitive therapies.
Term
stress
Definition
negative emotional state due to events that are perceived as bad or dangerous.
Term
cortisol
Definition
hormone released into the blood by the adrenal glands in response to a threat.
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
type of white blood cell involved in the immune system.
Term
happiness
Definition
Difficult to define (and different for every person), but in general, it relates to experiencing positive emotions.
Term
hedonic treadmill
Definition
Happiness is relative. A new bike/phone/car/
house can make us happy for a little while, but then we get used to it and return to our baseline level of happiness (_______________________).
Term
affective forecasting
Definition
predicting how we will feel in the future.
Term
impact bias
Definition
we tend to overestimate the intensity and duration of future emotions.
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