Term
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Definition
| The ability of member of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature (frank) for postage |
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Term
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Definition
| Having or consisting of a single legislative chamber |
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Term
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Definition
| having or consisting of a single legislative chamber. U.S Congress is a bicameral legislature. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the House of Representatives. Leader of the majority party.Splits votes and controls House discussion. |
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Definition
| Speaker of the House during the early 1820's. A compromiser dealing with many issues against slavery. |
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Definition
| Speaker of the House during the late 1990's. Co-author of "Contract with America" While he was House speaker, the House enacted welfare reform, passed a capital gains tax cut in 1997, and in 1998 passed the first balanced budget since 1969. |
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Definition
| Speaker of the House, 2007-2011. Democrat. First Madame Speaker. |
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Definition
| Majority and Minority Whips. Key senator. very experienced. |
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Definition
| a meeting of supporters or members of a political party or movement |
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Definition
| a committee of the United States House of Representatives. Rather than being responsible for a specific area of policy, as most other committees are, it is in charge of determining under what rule other bills will come to the floor. "traffic cop of Congress" |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of extreme dilatory tactics in an attempt to delay or prevent action especially in a legislative assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| Popular election of senators |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple majority is needed to stop a filibuster in the senate |
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Term
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Definition
| the closing or limitation of debate in a legislative body especially by calling for a vote |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal restriction that limits the number of terms a person may serve in a particular elected office |
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Term
| Us term Limits, Inc v. Thornton |
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Definition
| a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that states cannot impose qualifications for prospective members of the U.S. Congress stricter than those specified in the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| a constituency held with a particularly small majority in a legislative election |
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Term
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Definition
| a seat in a legislative body which is regarded as fully secured, either by a certain political party, the incumbent representative |
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Term
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Definition
| in early 1992, when it was revealed that the United States House of Representatives allowed members to overdraw their House checking accounts without risk of being penalized by the House bank |
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Term
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Definition
| in early 1992, when it was revealed that the United States House of Representatives allowed members to overdraw their House checking accounts without risk of being penalized by the House bank |
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Term
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Definition
| a practice that attempts to establish a political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating geographic boundaries to create partisan or incumbent-protected districts. |
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Term
| majority-minority districts |
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Definition
| a United States congressional district in which the majority of the constituents in the district are racial or ethnic minorities |
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Term
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Definition
| a U.S. Supreme Court case involving U.S. Congressional districts in the state of Georgia. The Court issued its ruling on February 17, 1964. This decision requires each state to draw its U.S. Congressional districts so that they are approximately equal in population. |
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Term
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Definition
| The redistricting of state legislative districts is not a political question, and thus is justiciable by the federal courts. |
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Term
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Definition
| a decennial census for the purpose of assuring a fair distribution of seats in the US House of Representatives, slogan |
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Term
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Definition
| Redistricting based on race must be held to a standard of strict scrutiny under the equal protection clause while bodies doing redistricting must be conscious of race to the extent that they must ensure compliance with the Voting Rights Act. |
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Term
| descriptive representation |
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Definition
| the idea that elected representatives in democracies should represent not only the expressed preferences of their constituencies (or the nation as a whole) but also those of their descriptive characteristics that are politically relevant, such as geographical area of birth, occupation, ethnicity, or gender |
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Term
| substantive representation |
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Definition
| a concept in the legislative branches of representative republics describing the tendency of representatives to advocate for certain groups. performance, not description |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in votes that congressional candidates (candidates for the House of Representatives) usually receive when running for their first re-election |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal immunity enjoyed by members of certain legislatures, in which legislators are granted protection against civil or criminal liability for actions done or statements made related to one's duties as a legislator |
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Term
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Definition
| elected will act for who they represent |
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Term
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Definition
| elected will act for who is above them |
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Term
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Definition
| elected will act on how they feel |
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Term
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Definition
| During the Vice President's absence, the president pro tempore presides over its sessions or appoints another senator to do so. The president pro tempore is elected by the Senate and is customarily the longest serving senator in the majority party. |
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Term
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Definition
| an official in a political party whose primary purpose is to ensure party discipline in a legislature. |
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Term
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Definition
| a committee that provides guidance, direction and control to a project within an organization |
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Term
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Definition
| Appropriate committee to the subject matter. |
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Term
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Definition
| a vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators |
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Term
| Congressional Black Caucus |
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Definition
| an organization representing the black members of the United States Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| a group of United States Congressional Representatives from the Democratic Party who identify themselves as moderates. |
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Term
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Definition
| Permeate committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area. |
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Term
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Definition
| Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| Committees on which both representatives and senator serve. |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of both representatives and senators that resolve differences between House and Senate versions of the same bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person or group of people being in charge or in command of another person or group. This control is often granted to the senior persons due to experience or length of service in a given position, |
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Term
| Congressional Research Service |
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Definition
| CRS offers Congress research and analysis on all current and emerging issues of national policy. CRS offers timely and confidential assistance to all Members and committees that request it, limited only by CRS’s resources and the requirements for balance, nonpartisanship and accuracy. |
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Term
| General Accounting Office |
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Definition
| investigate, at the seat of government or elsewhere, all matters relating to the receipt, disbursement, and application of public funds, and shall make to the President ... and to Congress ... reports [and] recommendations looking to greater economy or efficiency in public expenditures |
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Term
| Congressional Budget Office |
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Definition
to provide Congress with:
Objective, nonpartisan, and timely analysis to aid in economic and budgetary decisions on a wide array of programs covered by the federal budget;
And the information and estimates required by the Congressional budget process. |
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Term
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Definition
| a bill which proposes a law of general application throughout the jurisdiction in which it is proposed, and which if enacted will hence become a public law or public act |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative bill affecting only a single person, group, or area, such as a bill granting a named person citizenship or, previously, granting named persons a legislative divorce. |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative measure passed by only either the Senate or the House. As they have been passed by only one house, they are not presented to the President, and do not have the force of law |
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Term
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Definition
| a resolution (a legislative measure) adopted by both houses of a bicameral legislature that lacks the force of law (is non-binding) and does not require the approval of the chief executive |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative measure that requires approval by the Senate and the House and is presented to the President for his/her approval or disapproval |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of sending legislation to be considered by more than one committee |
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Term
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Definition
| legislation is first sent to one committee, then to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| A device by which and member of the House, after a committee has had a bill for thirty day, may petition to have it brought to the floor. Designed to prevent committees from killing a bill. |
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Term
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Definition
| an order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate and forbids a particular bill from being amended on legislative floor |
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Term
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Definition
| an order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the legislative floor |
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Term
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Definition
| an order from the House Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the legislative floor |
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Term
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Definition
| The minimum number of member who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| a calling of roll in either house of Congress to see if business can be conducted. |
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Term
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Definition
| a rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate. 3/5 must pass it. |
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Term
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Definition
| where the disputed bill is put on hold so that other business may be conducted in the Senate |
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Term
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Definition
| a congressional voting procedure in which members shout 'yea" or "nay". allows member to vote quickly or anonymously on bills. |
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Term
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Definition
| a congressional voting procedure that consists of member answering 'yea" or "nay" to their names. |
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Term
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Definition
| an amendment on a matter unrelated to a bill that is added to the will so that it will "ride " to passage through the Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| When a bill has many riders. |
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Term
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Definition
| a parliamentary device in which the House of Representatives is considered one large congressional committee |
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Term
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Definition
| legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in hope of winning their votes in return |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative provision that directs funds to be spent on specific projects |
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Term
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Definition
| mutual aid among politicians, where one legislator supports another's project in turn for support of his. |
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Term
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Definition
| an additional provision added to a bill. not important to the bill |
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Term
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Definition
| a situation in which no one present objects to a proposal |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which on party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| a government in which the same party controls both the White House and both houses of Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| a variety of democracy founded on the principle of elected people representing a group of people |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of government in which people vote on policy initiatives directly |
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Term
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Definition
| consists of the electors appointed by each state who formally elect the President |
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Term
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Definition
| one who casts an electoral vote for someone other than the person pledged or does not vote for any person |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of organization a president's staff in which most presidential assistants report through a hierarchy to the president's chief of staff. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of organizing a president's staff in which several presidential assistants report directly to the president. |
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Term
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Definition
| a method of organizing a presiden't staff in which several task forces, committees, and informal groups of friends and advisers deal directly with the president |
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Term
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Definition
| includes the heads of the fourteen major executive departments. |
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Term
| Executive Office of the President |
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Definition
| consists of the immediate staff of the President of the United States, as well as multiple levels of support staff reporting to the President |
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Term
| Office of Management and Budget (OMB) |
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Definition
| to assist the President in overseeing the preparation of the federal budget and to supervise its administration in Executive Branch agencies |
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Term
| National Security Council (NSC) |
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Definition
| responsible for coordinating policy on national security issues and advising chief executives on matters related to national security |
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Term
| Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) |
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Definition
| an agency within the Executive Office of the President that advises the President of the United States on economic policy |
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Term
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Definition
| Agencies that gain their money directly from the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agencies that must provide their own money. |
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Term
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Definition
| the short period after a President is inaugurated when the opposition party refrains from attack, Congress is inclined to support some of the President's initiatives, and the President receives high public approval ratings. |
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Term
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Definition
| one of two ways for a president to disapprove a bill sent to him by Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| if the president does not sign the bill within ten days of receiving it and congress has adjourned, the bill does not become law |
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Term
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Definition
| power of an executive to veto some provisions in a appropriations bill wile approving others. the president does not have this power. |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the line-item veto as granted in the Line Item Veto Act of 1996 violated the Presentment Clause of the United States Constitution because it impermissibly gave the President of the United States the power to unilaterally amend or repeal parts of statutes that had been duly passed by the United States Congress |
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Term
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Definition
| the power claimed by the President of the United States and other members of the executive branch to resist certain subpoenas and other interventions by the legislative and judicial branches of government |
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Term
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Definition
| The Supreme Court does have the final voice in determining constitutional questions; no person, not even the president of the United States, is completely above the law; and the president cannot use executive privilege as an excuse to withhold evidence |
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Term
| Congressional Budget and Impoundment Act (1974) |
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Definition
| An Act to establish a new congressional budget process; to establish Committees on the Budget in each House; to establish a Congressional Budget Office; to establish a procedure providing congressional control over the impoundment of funds by the executive branch; |
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Term
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Definition
| to set aside in a fund rather than spend as prescribed |
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Term
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Definition
| a federal law intended to check the power of the President in committing the United States to an armed conflict without the consent of Congress. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that an elected representative should act on his or her own best judgment of what public policy requires |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that an elected representative should represent the opinions of his or her constituents. |
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Term
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Definition
| It created mandatory, public disclosure of financial and employment history of public officials and their immediate family. It also created restrictions on lobbying efforts by public officials for a set period after leaving public office. Lastly, it created the U.S. Office of Independent Counsel, tasked with investigating government officials. |
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Term
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Definition
| a politician who is still in office after having lost a reelection bid |
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Term
| Presidential Succession Act of 1947 |
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Definition
| establishes the line of succession to the powers and duties of the office of President of the United States in the event that neither a President nor Vice President is able to "discharge the powers and duties of the office." |
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Term
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Definition
| provides the procedure for electing the President and Vice President. |
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Term
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Definition
| sets a term limit for the President of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| deals with succession to the Presidency and establishes procedures both for filling a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, as well as responding to Presidential disabilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal accusation against a public official by the lower house of a legislative body. |
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Term
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Definition
| can bring issues to the forefront that were not initially in debate, due to the office's stature and publicity. |
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Term
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Definition
| powers that a sovereign state holds, protected by the 10th amendment. |
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Term
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Definition
| an order or directive issued by the head of the executive branch at some level of government |
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Term
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Definition
| used to gauge public support for the President of the United States during his term. |
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Term
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Definition
| a term that became popular in the 1960s and that served as the title of a 1973 volume by historian Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr. to describe the modern presidency of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| closer (physically) you are to the president, the more influence you have over the president and the decisions he/she make |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, complex organization composed of appointed officials. the department and agencies of the US government make up this. |
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Term
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Definition
| the support, encouragement, privilege, or financial aid that an organization or individual bestows to another. |
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Term
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Definition
| another phrase for political patronage- that is, the practice of giving the fruits of a party's victory, such as jobs and contracts to the loyal members of that party. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stopped the spoils system |
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Term
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Definition
| an economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce |
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Term
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Definition
| allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies that are not spelled out in advance by laws |
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Term
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Definition
| the government offices to which people are appointed on the grounds of merit through examination or other selection criteria |
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Term
| office of personal management |
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Definition
| an independent agency of the United States government that manages the civil service of the federal government |
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Term
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Definition
| agencies that do not hire based on merit |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections. |
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Term
| Civil Service reform Act of 1978 |
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Definition
| abolished the U.S. Civil Service Commission and distributes its functions primarily among three agencies: the newly established Office of Personnel Management, Merit Systems Protection Board, and Federal Labor Relations Authority. |
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Term
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Definition
| a United States federal law whose main provision is to prohibit employees (civil servants) in the executive branch of the federal government, except the President and the Vice President, from engaging in partisan political activity. |
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Term
| Whistle Blower Protection Act |
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Definition
| law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct. |
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Term
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Definition
| an alliance of various interest groups and individuals who unite in order to promote a single issue in government policy. |
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Term
| Authorization legislation |
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Definition
| legislative permission to being or continue a government program or agency. |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative grant of money to finance a government program |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a congressional committee to review and approve certain agency decisions in advance and without passing a law |
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Term
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Definition
| the rejection of a presidential or administrative action by a vote of one or both houses of Congress without the consent of the president. |
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Term
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Definition
| case ruling in 1983 that the one-house legislative veto violated the constitutional separation of powers.[1] |
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Term
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Definition
| complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done |
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Term
| National performance review |
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Definition
| an interagency task force to reform the way the U.S. federal government works |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who's changes their identity and allegiance from their original and typically cosmopolitan culture to a new local one, generally after a move or a change. |
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Term
| Freedom of Information Act |
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Definition
| allows for the full or partial disclosure of previously unreleased information and documents controlled by the United States government. |
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Term
| National Environmental Policy Act |
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Definition
| established a U.S. national policy promoting the enhancement of the environment and also established the President's Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ). |
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Term
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Definition
| the power of the courts to declare acts of the legislature and of the executive to be unconstitutional and hence null and void. |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that judges should decide cases on the basis of the language of the Constitution. |
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Term
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Definition
| describes judicial rulings suspected of being based on personal or political considerations rather than on existing law. |
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Term
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Definition
| was written to explicate and justify the structure of the judiciary under the proposed Constitution of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| It formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| the Chief Justice of the United States (1801–1835) whose court opinions helped lay the basis for American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court of the United States a coequal branch of government along with the legislative and executive branches |
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Term
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Definition
| Congress did have the power to create the Bank. Maryland couldnt tax |
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Term
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Definition
| held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution |
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Term
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Definition
| that people of African descent brought into the United States and held as slaves (or their descendants) whether or not they were slaves) were not protected by the Constitution and were not U.S. citizens. Since passage of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Consitution, the decision has not been a precedent case, but retains historical significance. |
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Term
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Definition
| fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864. He was the first Roman Catholic to hold that office or sit on the Supreme Court of the United States |
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Term
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Definition
| a legislative initiative proposed by U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt to add more justices to the U.S. Supreme Court |
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Term
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Definition
| a high court that deals primarily with constitutional law |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the federal courts with the authority to review decisions by federal district courts |
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Term
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Definition
| A court that is created by congress for a specialized purpose. |
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Term
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Definition
| n unwritten political custom in the United States whereby the president consults the senior U.S. Senator of his political party of a given state before nominating any person to a federal vacancy within that Senator's state |
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Term
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Definition
In the House, it refers to the rejection slip given to Senate tax and spending bills which have not originated in the House in the first place, per the House's interpretation of the Origination clause.
In the Senate, it refers to slips on which Senators from the state of residence of a federal judicial nominee give an opinion on the nominee. |
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Term
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Definition
| a test of ideological purity, a way of finding out whether a person is a dyed-in-wool liberal or conservative. |
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Term
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Definition
| the bipartisan group of Senators in the 109th United States Congress who successfully negotiated a compromise in the spring of 2005 to avoid the deployment of the so-called nuclear option over an organized use of the filibuster by Senate Democrats. |
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Term
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Definition
| the 16th Chief Justice of the United States. Considered a conservative, he favored a conception of federalism that emphasized the Tenth Amendment's reservation of powers to the states |
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Term
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Definition
| As the longest-serving justice on the Court, is the Senior Associate Justice. Appointed to the Court by President Ronald Reagan in 1986, has been described as the intellectual anchor of the Court's conservative wing. |
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Term
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Definition
| an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Succeeding Thurgood Marshall, is the second African American to serve on the Court. |
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Term
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Definition
| a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He served from 1990 until his retirement on June 29, 2009. Appointed by President George H. W. Bush to fill the seat vacated by William J. Brennan, Jr., was the only Justice during his time on the Court with extensive prior court experience outside of a federal appeals court, having served as a prosecutor, a state's attorney general, and as a judge on state trial and appellate courts |
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Term
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Definition
| an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. Ginsburg was appointed by President Bill Clinton and took the oath of office on August 10, 1993. She is the second female justice (after Sandra Day O'Connor) and the first Jewish female justice. |
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Term
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Definition
| to the Supreme Court of the United States between 1953 and 1969, when Earl Warren served as Chief Justice. Warren led a liberal majority that used judicial power in dramatic fashion, to the consternation of conservative opponents. The Warren Court expanded civil rights, civil liberties, judicial power, and the federal power in dramatic ways |
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Term
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Definition
| the 15th Chief Justice of the United States from 1969 to 1986. Although had conservative leanings, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered a variety of transformative and controversial decisions on abortion, capital punishment, religious establishment, and school desegregation during his tenure. |
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Term
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Definition
| the division between the federal and state court system |
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Term
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Definition
| a term used in the United States law of civil procedure to refer to the situation in which a United States federal court has subject-matter jurisdiction to hear a civil case because the plaintiff has alleged a violation of the Constitution or law of the United States, or treaties to which the United States is a party |
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Term
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Definition
| the body of rules defining relationships among private citizens. Consists of statutes and customary law. |
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Term
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Definition
| the boyd of rules defing offenses that, though they harm an indiviual, are considered to be offenses against society as a whole. |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept in American constitutional that both the State governments and the federal governments are sovereign. |
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Term
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Definition
| an order by a higher court directing a lower court, tribunal, or public authority to send the record in a given case for review. |
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Term
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Definition
| a procedure whereby a poor person can file and be heard in court as a pauper, free of charge |
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Term
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Definition
| a law or rule that allows the plaintiff to collect its legal costs from the defendant if the defendant loses. |
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Term
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Definition
| the party that initiates a lawsuit to obtain a remedy for an injury to his or her rights |
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Term
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Definition
| any party required to answer a plaintiff"s complaint in a civil lawsuit |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability of a party to demonstrate to the court sufficient connection to and harm from the law or action challenged to support that party's participation in the case. |
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Term
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Definition
| a citizen cannot sue the government without its consent |
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Term
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Definition
| a case brought into court by a person on behalf of not himself but all other persons in the country under similar circumstances. |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who provides assistance to a judge or a licensed attorney in researching issues before the court and in writing opinions |
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Term
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Definition
| a legal document prepared by an attorney representing a party before a court |
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Term
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Definition
| "a friend of the court" interested groups or individuals, not directly involved in a suit, who may file legal briefs or make oral arguments in support of one side. |
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Term
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| the person appointed to represent the federal government of the United States before the Supreme Court of the United States. |
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| a brief, unsigned opinion issued by the Supreme Court to explain its ruling |
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| A supreme Court opinion written by one or more justices in the majority to explain the decision in a case. |
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| court opinion by justices who agree with the majority's conclusion but for different reasons. |
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| Court opinion by a justice in the minority to explain minority's disagreement with the Court's ruling. |
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| "let the decision stand" the practice of basing judicial decisions on precedent established in similar cases decided in the past. |
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| an issue that the Supreme Court refuses to consider because it believes the Constitution hes left it entirely to another branch to decide |
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| a judicial order preventing or redressing a wrong or enforcing a right |
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| an official proclamation by a judge (or panel of judges) that defines the legal relationships between the parties to a hearing, a trial, an appeal or other court proceeding |
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| the power of the Supreme Court to review decisions and change outcomes of decisions of lower courts |
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| which more than one court may take jurisdiction over the case. |
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| where one court has the power to adjudicate a case to the exclusion of all other courts |
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| power to hear a case for the first time |
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