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| The son of Charles V, inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American colonies. He seized Portugal, India, the East Indies, and parts of Africa after the king of Porugal died. Defender of Catholism fought against Queen Elizabeth I to punish Protestant England. His army was defeated. |
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| kings or queens who held all of the power within their states' boundaries. Their goal was to control every aspect of society. |
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| This was the idea that God created the monarchy and that the monarch acted as God's representative on Earth. Absolute monarchs believed in diving right. |
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| a 1598 declaration in which the French king Henry IV promised that Protestants could live in peace in France and could set up houses of worship in some French cities. |
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| Became ruler of France in 1624 after Louis XIII appointed him. Weakened the nobles' power. (Took down their castles) He increased the power of government agents who came from the middle class. Weakened the power of Protestantism instead of bannishing it. |
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| The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain. |
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| The idea that nothing can ever be known for certain. |
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| Weakened the nobles' power; exluded them from his councils. Increased the power of government agents. Spent a fortune on himself to live a life of luxury. |
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| government agents who collected taxes and administered justice. Communicated regularly with the king. |
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| Minister of finance to Louis XIV. He believed in the theory of mercantilism. He wanted France to manufacture everything it needed instead of relying on imports to prevent wealth from leaving the country. (self-sufficient) |
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| He the ruler of Russia from 1533 to 1584. He expanded Russia. Known for his temper and killed his eldest son. The thrown was pasted to his mentally challenged son. |
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| Russia's landowning nobles. They fought to control Ivan when he first came to power. |
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| Responsible for modernizing the Russian Empire. |
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| an adoption of the social, political, or economic institutions of Western (especially European or American countries) |
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