Nonvascular plants

dominent generation 

3 phyla 

Bryophytes

dominant gametophyte supports by sporophyte

1. Liverworts: tree-like gametangia 

2. Hornworts: unbranched sporophyte supported by gametophyte 

3. Mosses: antheridia, archegonia 

Sporophyte vs Gametophyte dominance 

nonvascular seedless 

vascular seedless 

vascular seeded

nonvascular seedless: gametophyte(n) supports sporophyte(2n)

vascular seedless: gametophyte independent from sporophyte after fertilization

vascular seeded: small gametophyte supported by large sporophyte 

Seedless vascular plants 

specialized organs 

2 phyla (repro)

tracheophytes 

roots: water uptake 

stems: xylem/phloem

leaves: increased photosynthesis

Lycophytes: microphylls/lycophylls leaves with one vein 

Pteridophytes: (ferns) 

repro: spore→gametophyte→prothallus produce sperm+egg →fertilization→zygote→sporophyte produce sporangium w sori 

How did earlier plants alter the environment and change conditions to favor modern plants? (5)

            Terrestrial colonization by seedless plants cyanobacteria and green algae increased atmospheric O2 ozone formed, shielded plants outside of water 

Fungi soil building

plants absorbed and buried CO2 in Carboniferous period

Declining CO2 reduced temps and moisture, 

Homosporous: (2n) sporophyte produces ONE type of (1n) gametophyte

Heterosporous: sporophyte produces

megaspores (female ovules) and microspores (male sperm)

Advantages of seeds? (5)

pollination works on dry land

structural adaptations (wings, fleshy fruits)

resistant to damage due to size and hard covering

remain dormant until conditions are favorable

endosperm carries food for embryo

Gymnosperms 

4 phyla 

1. cycads: monecious male/female strobili, colloroid roots

2. Ginkgos: (g. biloba only) dioecious 

3. Conifers: dioecious, euphyll leaves adapted to cold evergreen 

4. Gnetophytes: strange, gnetum, ephedra, welwitschia

Angiosperms 

Flower types: 

Perfect: stamen + carpels 

Complete: stamen, carpels, petals, septals 

imperfect: stamen OR carpels 

Inflorenscence: cluster of flowers same stem

Composite: sunflowers 

Angiosperm

Fruits: 

Simple fleshy: ovary surround by flesh

berry (grape), drupe (olive), pome (pear)

simple dry: dehiscent (maple samara), indehiscent (peas)

Aggregate: one flower many fruitlets (raspberries) 

Multiple: one fruit many flowers (pineapple) 

Monocot: leaf wraps around stem, parallel venation 

Eudicot: attached to petiole 

simple (single blade) compound (multiple blades) 

netted (pinnate vs palmate)

Explain and illustrate secondary growth of wood in a eudicot

stems:

inner to outer: 

pith 

2nd xylem (unconducting) 

vascular cambrium: produce 2nd xylem 2nd phloem 

2nd phloem (sap)

cork cambrium: produce cork, periderm

Spores(n)à

egg/spermà

fertilized zygote(2n)à

sporophyte mature plantà

spores(n)