-Internal vs. External characteristics

-Focuses on how success is defined by the individual without the environment

-Three goal orientations

-Desire to learn new knowledge or skills.

-Exams are a positive challenge, enjoy course, unrelated to performance.

-Competitive, focuses on being judged favorably relative to others.

-Predicts good grades in a course, no course enjoyment.

-Avoid negative judgments by oneself or others.

-Perceive exams as anxiety, predict low grades.

-Motivational climate (environment)

-Compare with other performers

-Urged to compete

-Best performers get the most attention

-Ability leads to success

-Satisfaction=outperforming others, not skills improvement

-Effort, enjoyment of activity, personal improvement is emphasized and rewarded

-High intrinsic motivation and enjoyment of the setting

-Enhance perceptions of learning and mastery

-Performance anxiety is low

-Result=better in skills development

-Doing something for its own sake

-Mastery is a form of intrinsic motivation

-Doing something for an external reward

-Ego-Approach is a form of extrinsic motivation

-Behavior, characteristic of a species possessed by all members of the species

-Instincts are innate

-Ex: Spider web, each species of spider makes a different web

-Way to test for instincts

-Ex: Herring Gull - colored spot on tip of parent beak, baby pecks at that spot and the parents regurgitate food to young.

-Tested this by presenting different beak shapes to the young; width of beak matters

-Exaggerated stimulus

-(Herring Gull) More contrasting colors on fake beak, young peck more

-Demonstrates instinct behavior the first time animal encounters it

-Appropriate stimulus: Appropriate Response

-Primary human instincts have emotions associated with them

Instinct Emotion

"Flight" Fear

"Repulsion" Disgust

"Curiosity" Wonder

-Other lists were made similar to McDougall's, they were getting carried away.

-The instinct of belief-in-instincts

-Are there releasing stimuli for human instincts too?

-Universal: feces smell=disgust

Freud

(Two basic instincts)

-Life (eros): nurturing, procreation, water, warmth

-Death (thanatos): aggression, acquire territory, mates

-We do things without knowing why

Constant environment

(Female rat on running wheel)

-Every 4th day, activity spikes

-Instinct for activity wheel? No.

-Males run same everyday

-Girl rats cycle - activity cycle parallels

-Drive needs to be taken into account.

Bodily Deficit ->   Drive!   -> Activity -> Goal!

(calories)  (associated state)  (search)  (food)

"hunger"       

Goal -> Bodily Deficit (cycles)

-Model of drive reduction

-Ex: body temp, fluid level

-If lacking, creates drive

-Trigger hormones/behavior to bring level to optimal

-Ex: Thermometer - If room is too cold - heat turns on. Compares to thermostat

-Innate

-Fundamental

-Biological (body)

-Learned

-Work for money to get primary needs.

-The increasing tendency to perform a behavior as a function of time since it was last performed.

-Natural tendencies to do certain things - certain behaviors

-Learned properties of goal

-No incentive until you experience the goal

-Imprinting with his goslings

(Intrinsic Motivation)