Term
|
Definition
| The focusing of conscious awarness on a stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Failing to see visible objects when attention is directed else where. ex Gorilla Study |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Don't notice change after visul interruption. ex- changing picture |
|
|
Term
| Implications of inattentional blindness and change blindness on ability for multi-task. |
|
Definition
| dimineshes our ability to take in all info around us. ex- texting while driving. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Auto-pilot keeps us from thinking and doing everything at once
ex. being able to ride a bike and still think about other things
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Things we don't notice consciously influence our behavior.
perform well-learned task automatically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mental and physical changes occuring throughout the day. |
|
|
Term
| Role of light in Cirdadian rhythm |
|
Definition
| regulates melatonin production. Also influenced by external time cues. ex-alarm clock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Last 10 min
theta waves
transitional
often maintain awarness- wouldn't know you feel asleep
hynoginic sensations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Last 15 minutes
Sleep spindles appear on EEG
theta activity
still awakened easily
sleep talking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Few minutes
Delta Transition
Difficult to awaken
Sleepwalking and bedwetting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
30 min
Delta waves
difficult to awaken
sleep walking and bedwetting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
10 minutes
beta waves
paradoxial sleep
dreaming
preserves neural pathways. |
|
|
Term
| Which Stage of sleep are delta waves observed on the EEG? Which stage do Sleep Spindles appear? |
|
Definition
Delta trasition occurs in Stage 3 and Delta waves are in stage 4.
Sleep Spindles are in Stage 2 |
|
|
Term
| During which stage does Sleep Walking occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reasons why we need sleep |
|
Definition
protects
helps us recuperate
helps memory and growth processes |
|
|
Term
| Effects of Sleep Deprivation |
|
Definition
Cognitive ability is impaired
Immune system, body temp, and weight lowers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
difficulty sleeping
wake up frequently or too early |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sleep attacks
may go directly to REM sleep
hynosis (halluciations/vivid dreams)
1 in 2,000 ppl |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Quit breathing while asleep
CNS stops working and throat closes
wake up in 1 1/2 minutes
wake up as many as 500 times |
|
|
Term
| Sleep Walking/Night Terrors |
|
Definition
Sleep deprived
common in kids
hereditary |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
info processing
sift and sort things we encounter through day, consolidating memory
Physiological function
REM sleep preserves neural pathways
Activation Synthesis
Makes sense of random neural activites
Wishful Fullfillment
Dreams reflect unconscious drives |
|
|
Term
Taking Test don't feel prepared
Freuds view vs. others |
|
Definition
Don't meet parents expectations, feel guilty, or sexual misconduct
Others opnion- general feeling of uncertainty |
|
|
Term
Dreams of Nakedness
Freuds theory vs. others |
|
Definition
Freud- wish to return to childhood
others- anxiety and vulnerability |
|
|
Term
Lossing Teeth Dream
Freud's theory vs. others |
|
Definition
Freud-Castration Anxiety -> men 3x more likely
Others- fear of old age, physical/emotional injury, loss of power |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the relatively permenant change in someones behavior in a given situation brought about by his/her repeated experiences in that situation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Process of learning associations
naturally make connection amoung 2 things in sequence
helps us predict/change our immediate future |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of behavior modification in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learning by observing others |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulus that unconditionaly/natirally triggers a response (unlearned) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unlearned naturally occuring response to the unconditioned stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| learned response to a previously neutral stimuls that comes to trigger a conditional response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Learned response to a previously neutral stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phase when learning occurs
CS should proceed the UCS about 1/2 second |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diminishing of a CR usually because the CS no longer signals an UCS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reappearence after a rest period, of an extinguised CR |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tendency to respond to stimulus similar to the CS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability to distinguish between a CS and other irrelevant stimuli |
|
|
Term
| Thorndike's Law of Effect |
|
Definition
Not all Learning can be explained by Classical Conditioning
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
|
|
Term
| Positive and Negative Reinforcers |
|
Definition
Positive-addition of a desired stimulus
Negative- Subtraction of an aversive stimulus. |
|
|
Term
| Positive and Negative Punishments |
|
Definition
Positive- addition of an aversive stimulus
Negative- Subtraction of a desirable stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A rule stating which instances of behavior, if any, will be reinforced |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reinforcing the desired response each time it occurs
Good for rapid learning but not long term |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Reinforcing a response only part of the time
Builds behavior slowly
More resistant to extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| based on the Number of behaviors required |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The requirements for a reinforcer are always the same |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requirements for reinforcer change randomly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fixed number of responses is always required for reinforcement
responding is high |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a fixed number of responses is always required for reinforcement
responding is high |
|
|
Term
| Fixed Interval Reinforcement |
|
Definition
Passage of a specified amount of time is always required for a reinforcement
responding low |
|
|
Term
| Variable Ratio Reinforcer |
|
Definition
number of responses required for reinforcer varies randomly from 1 reinforcement to the next.
Response-high |
|
|
Term
| Variable Interval Reinforcer |
|
Definition
Amont of time required before reinforcement occurs
responding low |
|
|
Term
| Neural Basis for learning by observation |
|
Definition
Mirror Neurons which is the neurological basis for learning
discovered in monkeys
see someone else do it so they do it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Conducted by Albert Bandura
Showed that we learn by observing
Kids shown videos of adults using violence towards bobo dolls and kids follwed pursuit |
|
|
Term
| How much tv will people have watched by the time the reache 70 years of age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does media/tv aggresion make people violent? |
|
Definition
Correlation-yes
Experimental-Maybe->short term increase for some.
But requires other factors for causation |
|
|
Term
| Events for which you would have Flashbulb Memories |
|
Definition
| Where you were when you found out about 9/11. |
|
|
Term
| Atkinson and Shiffrins 3-stage model of memory |
|
Definition
| event stimuli- sensory memory- short/long term memory. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fleeting, can hold about 12 pieces of info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lasts 2-3 minutes, working memory, last as long as you're attention
allows integration of info puts single into whole |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lasts indefinately, we can literally hold billions of info |
|
|
Term
| What was added/changed in the revised A-S model? |
|
Definition
| Unconscious precess, encoding, and retriving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unconscious processing od incidents, well rehearsed info-difficult to turn off.
can be learned ex driving, writing, reading music |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
requires conscious effort.
requires more time for encoding to occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
States that we remember the first and last items in a list better than the middle items.
Short term remember 1st things on the list
reoccuring- recall last things listed. |
|
|
Term
| Examples of Mnemonic devices |
|
Definition
Visual images for words
Verses- poems or acronyms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
only last a few tenths of second
Momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lasts 3-4 seconds
momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is else where sounds and words can still be recalled withing 3-4 seconds |
|
|
Term
| The Magical Number Sever +/- 2. |
|
Definition
| Short term memory is limited not only in duration bust also in capacity, typically storing about 7 bits of info +/- 2. Found by george Miller ex phone numbers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stores explicit memories of names, images, and events
involved in the complex processes of forming, sorting, and storing memories. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Boosts activity in memory forming areas
ex. Stress excitment and flashbulb memories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prochedural
procedures and skill aquisition
Retention independent of conscious recollection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Declarative
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recall, Recognition, Relearning, Priming |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must retrieve info learned earlier
ex fill in the blank |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Must only identify items prciouslt learned
ex. multiple choice |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amount of time saved when learning material a second time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Based on experience
activation, often unconsciously of particular associations in memory
seeing/hearing |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Current situation has multitude of cues similar to earlier experience |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Current state serves as retrieval cue
Internal Factors
Better tested in room you initially learned info |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Emotions of mood serve as retrieval cues
Current mood helps recall of mood congruent material |
|
|
Term
| Ebbihghaus's Forgetting Curve |
|
Definition
Curve over 30 days
Intitially rapid, than levels out with time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
New learning disrupts recall
ex.lock combo |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Forward acting
Prior Knowledge dirupts recall
ex. Trying to drive stick in an auto |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unable to recall events that occurred before the onset
ex. might remember what a piano is but no longer know how to play it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Unable to recall events that occurred after the onset.
can't form new explicit memories |
|
|
