Era of Good Feelings

• Era of Good Feeling
• James Monroe
• 1816-1819
• a popular catch phrase for Monroe's adminstration
• Era of Good Feeling was brief
• Historians seized upon this catch phrase
• dissipated after crisis was over

• 1816
• Congress modeled on Hamilton's 1st BUS
• Charter ran again for twenty years
• country fell into financial depression after

• Tariff of 1816
• 1816
• U.S
• because peace in 1816 brought a sudden renewal of cheap british imports and generated pleas for tarriffs to protect young American industries
• easily passed in Congress
• intended to protect industry against foreign competition than to raise revenue
• would become a sectional issue with manufacturers and food, growers favoring higher tariffs, while cotton and tobacco planters and shipping interest favoring lower duties

• 1st in American history
• to protect American manufacturin from cheap British goods that were flooding the market
• rebirth of American culture was a desire to protect all things American
• especially industrial economy

Henry Clay, American System

• Henry Clay
• Speaker of the House, Senator, government and politics, secretary of state for president Adams
• began at 28 1820-40s
• Kentucky, House of Rep
• nominated for president election, people claimed Adams gained presidency with a "corrupt bargain" made with Henry Clay
• candidate of Natianal Republicans ran against Jackson in 1832 presidental election

• 2nd Bank of United States
• Congress (modeled on Hamilton's 1st Bus)
• 1816
• charter ran again for 20 years. county fell into a financial depression after 1st charter expired
• Located in Philidelphia; gov't owned 1/5 of the stock. Bank served as Depository for gov't funds
• Bank was closed before the end of its 20 year charter

• Panic of 1812
• 1819
• U.S
• N/A
• resulted from a sudden collaspe of cotton prices in the England marked as British textile mills turned from American cotton to cheaper East Indian sources
• price collaspe set off a decline in the demand for other American good and revealed the fragility of the properity that began after war of 1812
• casoe of extensive fraud and embezzlement in Baltimore branch of BUS came to light
• Led to resignation of Director of BANK

• John Marshall
• VA Fed, Chief Justice
• leader among judicial nationalists
• 1801-1835
• VA, Washington D.C.
• expanded power of Federal government
• Dartmouth college vs Woodward
• McCulloch vs Maryland
• Gibbons vs Ogden
• His judicial nationalism provided crucial support for economic expansion

Fletcher vs Peck

• Fletcher vs Peck
• N/A
• 1810
• GA legislature couldn't cancel a contract that protected previous legislature already granted
• Permanence of legal
• contract
• GA lost case
• established the Supreme Court power to over rule state laws

McCulloch vs Maryland

• McCulloch vs Maryland
• Marshall
• Court up held the "implied powers" of Congres to charter the BUS and denied the state of Maryland attempt to it.
• state's effort to tax nat'l bank conflicted with Supreme, law of the land
• Marshall won case
• state's rite to tax bank
• "sovereignty was divided between states and had government"

• Dartmouth College vs Woodward
• National legislature , Marshall
• 1819
• involved an attempt by National legislature to alter charter granted the college by King George 3rd in 1769
• Legislature dominated board and trustees, and placed college under government originals sued and lost
• Marshall declared legislature violated Constitution
• Dartmouth originals gained back their contract with college
• NH legislature defied the meaning of Constitution
• This decision impled an enlarged a definition of contract that seemd to put private corps beyond reach of state's that chartered them

• Gibbons vs Ogden
• 1824
• Marshall, Aaron Ogden, Thomas Gibbons
• NY legislature granted ogden exclusive ferry rights across Hudson law NY and NJ Gibbons protected states rights to grant such monopoly
• Marshall ruled that states actions conflicted with federal Coasting Act
• Congressinal power to regulate commerce among states vested in Congress.
• may be exercised to its utmost extent and constitutional doesn't limit them
• monopoly created by state was stuck down by Marshall
• Established supremacy in regulating interstate commerce

• Tallmadge Amendment
• James Tallmadge
• 1819
• Missouri
• proposed resolution prohibiting further intro of slaves into Missouri
• House passed amendment on almost strictly sectional vote and senate rejected it by a similar tally, but with northerners
• political balance between free and slave states could only be upheld by senate

• Missouri Compromise
• 1819-1820
• Missouri and Maine
• senate linkedits request for separate statehood with Missouri and voted to admit Maine as a free state and Missouri a slave, thus maintaining balance
• Gov't people and senate
• to maintain balance between number of free U.S. slave states
• Pres. Monroe proclaimed Missouri that 24th state which settled the controversy

• Rush-Bagot Agreement
• 1817
• Richard Rush and Charles Bagot (British minister to U.S.)
• Britain/U.S.
• threat of naval competition of Great Lakes vanished with arrangement to it.
• forces there to several federal ships collecting custom duties
• made no reference to disputed land between U.S. and Canada
• spirit gave rise to tradition of undeclared border the longest in the world

Andrew Jackson

• Andrew Jackson
• President
• 1828-1836
• White House
• destroyed bank
• disbelieved in spoils system
• disliked Calhouns, helped secure Van Buren to presidency
• gave way to Whig/Democratic party
• established Jacksonian era

• Monroe Doctrine
• U.S
• 1823
• warned old world colonial powers to stay out of affairs in Western Hemisphere
• Monroe and Adams
• Stated NW was closed to further colonization and Europe attempts would be considered hostile
• granted influence on American foreign policy

Robert Fulton

• Robert Fulton
• built steamboat
• 1800's
• U.S.
• Fulton and Livingston built the 1st commercially successful steamboat, sent clermont up the Hudson River to Albany in 1807
• use of steamboats spread rapidly to other East and West rivers

• Eli Whitney
• Inventor
• 1790s
• U.S.
• inventor of cotton gin and its system of interchangeable parts
• Required more slave to imported; allowed machines to mass produce identical goods
• made cotton farming easier and more profitable south stimulated growth of textile manufacturing

• Samuel Slater
• contracter/architect
• 1789
• Rhode Island from NE
• contracted with an enterprising merchant manufacturer to build a mill in Pawtucket and completed in 1790 and made a satifactory cotton yarn
• by 1815 textile mill numbered in the hundreds

• Lowell System
• Merimack manufacturing company
• 1822
• modern industrialism was developing thru out New England
• a water powered plant similar to one in Walthem, Mass. in which spinning and wearing by power machinery had been brought together under one roof
• offered women jobs outside the average household

• Daniel Webster
• Senator from Mass.
• 1830's
• Mass. Washington D.C.
• Webster Hayne debate
• defended east
• widely recognized as nation
• offered nationalistic view of constitution
• won W-H argument
• help for Whig party
• closing statement to debate was very famous "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseperable"

2nd Great Awakening

• 2nd great awakening
• Americans
• 1800s
• Fears that secularism was on the march
• sparked an intense revival that soon grew into the 2nd Great awakening (Great Revival)
• Spread the notion of social equality salvation was available to everyone

• decided in 1837 by Supreme Court
• The CRB camp had been granted (1785) a charter by the state of Mass to operate a toll bridge.
•  The state legislature authorized (1828) a competing bridge that would eventually be free of charge
• The Camp bought for suit against competing company
• given it a monopoly
• The court upheld state's authorization to other comp. since the original charter didn't speciafically grant a monopoly

• Cult of Domesticity
• Catherin Blecher
• 1841
• women wanted to step out of their "sphere"
• Blecher's Treatise on Domestic Economy became leading handbood and created cult of domesticity
• paved way for women to take control of their rights

• wrote book
• Democracy in America
• on the way AMerica was rush
• wrote observation on American life and that was his most famous book
• basically judged Americans

• Step in pres. Jackson campagin against the 2nd BUS
• Jackson removed $4 million federal banks into state banks while remaining balances in the BUS were drawn to meet current expenses

• successor to Joseph Smilt
• became new morman leader
• chose the new destination near Great Salt Lake in Utah, where groups soon migrated
• named Morman territorial governor

• Gold and silver and other coined currency
• required the payment for purchase of all federal lands to be made in hard coin or "specie"
• domestic prices for goods and land jumped dramtically and threatened to destroy the economy
• cause value of paper money to plummet, leading to the Panic of 1837

• Nativists/Nativisms
• 1830's
• U.S
• new immigrants and those who resented them
• irish/Germans catholics
• many native
• born in American resented those new comers who brought with them alien language custom, and religions
• anti-catholic sermons, mobs, armed clashes "Know Nothing" Party

• 1840
• a potato famine in Ireland led to influx of immigrants to the shores of U.S.
• between 1830-1860s, immigrants accounted for the single largest immigrant group whose impoverished ranks began to fill the countries cities
• Boston and NYC had more irish than Ireland were Roman Catholic , poor and competent for jobs
• with native born Americans

• diminished the property owing requirements that had once limited voting population
• new political activists demanded leaders who move relected their humble background- hardworking modest and protestant
• 1820's many states adopted suffrage

• Jackson appointed those who supported his campagins with gov't positions
• practice of the winning political party rewarding supporters with jobs regardless of quaification
• many felt this practice bred corruptions and tainted the political process

Tariff of Abominations and Tariff of 1828

• Tariff of Abominations and Tariff of 1828
• 1833
• U.S.
• evoked the nullification crisis dispute between Jackson and supreme court
• Henry Clay
• reduced duties on foreign goods gradually over a decade
• lot of people were happy because lower tariffs

• Indian Removal Act
• 1830's
• South
• Native Americans and Pres. Jackson
• authorized U.S. army to evict all Native American east of the Miss. River and resettle in reservation in OK and NE
• forced to fight Black Hawk War and 2nd seminole war
• "Trail of Tears"

Worchester vs. Georgia

• Worchester vs. GA
• Missionaires vs state of GA
• 1832
• GA
• Marshall ruled that the state wouldn't restrict the tribe from inviting outsiders into their territory
• in the end all cherokes were removed from GA

• crisis over tariff of 1828
• Calhoun wrote and published an essay to encourgae state legislatiures in the South to nullify tariff
• South Carolina nullified the tax in 1832
• Jackson threatened to use military to enforced the law
• clay proposed the Compromise tariff of 1833 to reduce the tariff gradually over a decade

• Federal funds were removed from the BUS and deposited in various state banks call "wildcat banks"
• Jackson elaborated scheme to kill the BUS once and for all

• 1825
• The Erie Canal was open as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes
• The canal was approved in 1817 with the support of NY's Governor, Dewitt Clinton.
• Along with the Cumberland Road, it helped connect the North and West

• "Transcontinental Treaty"
• Spain gave up Florida to the U.S and the U.S/Mexico border was set so that Texan and the American SW would be part of Mexico

• Seneca Falls Convention
• Women (Mott and Stanton)
• 1848
• called forth to discuss "the social,civil, and religious conditions and rights of women"
• issued a Declaration of Sentiments on July 19, 1848
• was a steping stone in the evolution of women's rights

Dorthea Dix

• Dorthea Dix
• school teacher
• 1843
• Boston
• when instructing a Sunday school class, she found a room full of insane people completely neglected
• Fed's slop and left without heat on a cold day
• report to state legislature in 1843, she won support as well as large state appropritation for improving tax od insane
• persuaded 20 states to heed her advice and developed programs to improve conditions of prisoners and osylums

Mexican American War

• By 1846-1848, U.S and Mexico went to war
• was defining event and both nations
• By war's end, Mexico lost nearly 1/2 rights territory, the present AMerican SW from Tx to Ca
• Mexican war condemned by American historians as "the failest blot on our national honor," a wary forced upon Mexico by slaveholders greedy for a new territory.

• Jackson didn't like Native Americans and went over what the supreme court decided
• so Cherokees signed a treaty in 1835
• exchanged their land for N.A territory and $5 million from fed gov't and express for transportation
• 17,000 Cherokees went 2,000 African Americans (enslaved), 4000 died on trip

• Congress had 3 options for solving finance probs:
• raising taxes, printing paper $$ and borrowing taxes mainly from Merrill tariff and excise taxes on manufacturers and every prof.
• $450 million in greenbacks printed, enough to pay bills without unleashing inflations

• Some of Mexico's territory was added to U.S after Mexican War
• Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado

• invented a primitive grain reaper in 1831
• a very significant development to agricultural economy of old NW as cotton gin was to South
• built a plant from manufacturing his reapers and movers

• Feb 2, 1848
• when Mex Commissioners made advances for peace at the beginning of the yr. 1848, they were given terms as liberal as those offered them before scott had stormed and occupied their capital
• Mexico was required CA and NM to the U.S

• Horace Mann
• Lawyer
• 1830's (1837)
• Mass.
• Bill that created a state board offered then several as new agency
• made great strides and public education spread through country

Commonwealth vs. Hunt

• a case when court ruled that forming a trade union wasn't in itself illegal, nor was a demand that employers hire only members of the union
• 1842

Transcendentalism

• Joseph Smith/ Transcendentalism
• Founder of Mormons
• 1830
• NY
• formed own church in 1830, gathered thousands, mostly poor NE farmers
• moved from Ohio to Missouri
• because community's leading entrepreneur
• mormons still exist today

• 1842 treaty
• between U.S. and GB that established a permanent border b/w Maine and Canada after the Anoostock War

• 11th pres. of the U.S
• set for clearly defined goals for presidency
• Reestablished independent treaty system
• Reduction of Tariffs
• Acquisition of some/all the Oregon Boundary Dispute
• Purchase of CA from Mexico the accomplished all in 1 term
• abolitionist criticized him as an investment of "Slave power"

• Lucretia Mott
• female advocate
• 1800's
• Philadelphia
• her and Liz Stanton org. Seneca Falls Convention
• Prominent moral remember and advocate of women's rights
• Led to widespread of women's rights advocates

• 1847
• The Act to provide for the better Organization of the Treasury and for the collection, safe keeping, Transfer and Disbursement of the Public Revenue

• When Nativism began to rise a new political party was formed
• had trapping of a secret fraternal order
• pledged never to vote for any foreign-born or catholic candidate
• when asked about organization, they belonged to said "Know Nothing"

• phrased commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's
• expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the pacific
• reflected the pride that characterized American Nationalism in the mid 19th century and idealistic vision of social perfection that fueled so much of the reform energy of the time
• westward expansion was a movement to spread both a political system and radically defined society