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| party leaders who work with the majority leader or minority leader to count votes beforehand and lean on waverers whose votes are crucial to a bill favored by the party |
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| seperate subject-matter committees in each house of Congress that handle bills in different policy areas |
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| congressional committees formed when the Senate and the House pass a particular bill in different forms |
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| a group of members of Congress sharing some interest or characeristics |
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| a veto taking place when Congress adjourns within 10 days of submitting a bill to the president, who simply lets it die by neither signing nor vetoeing it |
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| an excess of federal expenditures over federal revenues |
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| the belief that the best predictor of this year's budget is last year's budget, plus a little bit more |
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| policies for which Congress has obligated myself to pay X level of benefits to Y number of recipients |
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| an act of Congress that establishes, continues, or changes a discretionary government program or an entitlement; specifies program goals and maximum expenditures for discretionary programs |
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| an act of Congress that actually funds programs within limits established by authorization bill; usually covers one year |
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| one of the key inducements used by political machines; jobs given for political reasons |
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| a government organization that provides a service that could be provided by the private sector and typically charges for its services |
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| the lifting of restrictions on business, industry, and professional activites for which government rules had been established and that bureaucracies had been created to administer |
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| a mutually dependent relationship between bureaucratic agencies, interest groups, and congressional committees or subcommittees |
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| the jurisdiction of courts that hear a case first, usually in a trial; determine the facts about a case |
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| the jurisdiction of courts that hear cases brought to them on appeal from lower courts |
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| a latin phrase maning "let the decision stand." Most cases reaching appellate courts are settled on this principle |
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| how similar cases have been decided in the past |
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| a view that the Constitution should be interpreted according to the original intent of the framers; conservative view |
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| a judicial philosophy in which judges make bold policy decision, even charting new constitutional ground; emphasizes that the courts can correct pressing needs, especially those unmet by the majoritarian political process |
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