Term
| Where are the location openings of the coronary arteries? |
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Definition
| They are in the Aorta, just above the aortic valve |
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Term
| Describe the event that happens during ventricle systole. |
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Definition
| The semilunar valves begin to open |
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Term
| What is meant by ‘Preload’ work of the heart? |
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Definition
| The amount the heart pumps before a systole |
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Term
| Describe Pulse Pressure, and what if any type of medication might be given for elevated pulse pressure. |
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Definition
Pulse Pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Angiotensin, converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor), might be prescribed for elevated pulse pressure. |
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Term
| Describe the Cardiac Cycle. |
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Definition
Term referring to all or any of the events related to the flow or blood pressure that occurs from the beginning of one heartbeat to the beginning of the next.
The different phases of filling and ejection of blood:
Diastole (the period of time when the heart relaxed after systole, blood fills the ventricles)
Systole (contraction of heart chambers, driving blood out of the chambers) |
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Term
| What causes the closing of the AV valves, and what muscle(s) cause tension to better hold the valve? |
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Definition
| The AV valves are closed when the chordae tendinae begin to tighten. The chordae tendineae are attached to papillary muscles that cause tension to hold the valve better. |
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Term
| What is the subvalvular apparatice? |
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Definition
| The papillary muscles and the chordae tendineae are both together |
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Term
| What is the arterial system, and where is the greatest pulse pressure in the arterial system? |
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Definition
| The arterial system is a system of canals that carry blood from the heart to the organs. The greatest pulse pressure is found in the Aorta. |
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Term
| In healthy adults, how many normal heart sounds are typically described and what are they? What causes the first heart sound and any others that exist? |
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Definition
| Two, which are often described as lub and dub. The first heart sound (s1) and second heart sound (s2) are closing of the AV valves and semilunar valves, respectively. |
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Term
| Describe the isovolumetric contraction period of the cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
| Ventricular pressure rises rapidly without a change in ventricular volume during the time period between the closure of the AV valves and the opening of the aortic and pulmonic valves. Ventricular volume does not change because all valves are closed during this phase. |
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Term
| What greek words does the term tachycardia come from? In rapid tachycardia, why does the cardiac output fall? |
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Definition
Tachys (rapid or accelerated)
kardia (of the heart)
Rapid Tachycardia: reduction in time for diastolic filling. |
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Term
| What factors have the largest effect on the amount of blood flow? What disease(s) might decrease blood flow? |
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Definition
How wide: Diameter, radius
Hypertension and atherosclerosis might decrease blood flow. |
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Term
| What is atherosclerosis and what part of the arterial system does affect? |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis is clogged and hardened arteries that narrow and become clogged with plaque, and it affects large and medium sized arteries. |
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Term
| How does atherosclerosis exert its effects? |
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Definition
Narrowing of the vessel lumen (ischemia)
Disruption of endothelial lining
Inflammation of atherosclerotic plaques |
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Term
| How does the sympathetic nervous system regulate blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Increased heart rate and contraction strength and the Perveso resistance and release of epinephrine |
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Term
| What is hypertension and what are the factors that predispose someone to the development of hypertension? |
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Definition
| Hypertension is a chronic medical condition in which the blood pressure is elevated. Obesity, alcohol consumption, and high sodium intake predispose someone to hypertension. |
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Term
| What are some symptoms of high blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Dull headaches, dizziness and/or abnormal amount of nosebleeds; however, no symptoms may occur |
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Term
| The central circulation contains blood that is in what? |
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Definition
| Heart, lungs, and pulmonary blood vessels |
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Term
| What primarily controls autoregulation of blood flow in microcirculation? |
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Definition
| The metabolic needs of tissues |
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Term
| What is microcirculation? |
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Definition
| The flow of blood through the fine vessels such as arterioles, capillaries, and venules |
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Term
| Describe the rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism |
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Definition
Renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 1 is then converted to Angiotensin 2
Angiotensin 2 constricts blood vessels and increases the blood pressure. |
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Term
| Build up of Hydrogen ions, Potassium ions, and nitric oxide in local tissues promote what? |
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Definition
| Vasodilatation, which is the widening of the diameter of a blood vessel in order to decrease the resistance to blood flow |
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Term
| What is an embolus and what are some causes and symptoms? |
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Definition
| Embolus is something that travels through the bloodstream, lodges in a blood vessel and blocks it. Examples are a detached blood clot, a clump of bacteria, and foreign material such as air. |
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Term
| What is atherosclerosis and what are the major risk factors ? |
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Definition
| Atherosclerosis is a condition in which fatty material collects along the walls of arteries. This fatty material thickens, hardens (forms calcium deposits), and may eventually block the arteries. Major risk factors include hypertension, smoking, high blood cholesterol, high fat diet, diabetes and genetic predisposition. |
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Term
| How does cigarette smoking and hypertension enhance atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Disrupting endothelial layer of arteries |
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Term
| Give examples of medical conditions that can induce secondary hyperlipoproteinemia? |
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Definition
| Diabetes mellitus and obesity |
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Term
| Long term regulation of blood pressure depends on the function of what? |
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Definition
| Kidneys/salt-water levels |
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Term
| Where are the majority of the receptors that bind and remove LDL to carry cholesterol from circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What lifestyle factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis by producing a decrease in HDL? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conditions can contribute to the development of venous thrombosis? |
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Definition
| Immobility, old age, pregnancy, smoking, obesity |
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Term
| Where does deep venous thrombosis (DVT) generally occur? |
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Definition
| Deep veins of the legs or in the pelvic veins |
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Term
| What are the two factors that predispose to the development of varicose veins? |
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Definition
| Obesity and long-term standing |
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Term
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Definition
| Swollen, twisted, and sometimes painful veins that have filled with an abnormal collection of blood |
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Term
| What parameters of circulation are related to the arterial blood pressure? |
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Definition
| Cardiac output and peripheral vascular resistance |
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Term
| General action of ADH anti diuretic hormone. – |
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Definition
| Increases the absorption of water and sodium in the kidneys (more so of water). Water and sodium can go into circulation and increase blood pressure. |
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Term
| What helps reduce water retention and decease vascular volume in individuals with hypertension? |
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Definition
| Limiting the amount of salt (NaCl) |
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Term
| Where are the effects of hypertension on the heart largely manifested? |
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Definition
| Left ventricular hypertrophy (enlargement) |
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Term
| What does the diastolic blood pressure represent? What does the systolic blood pressure represent? |
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Definition
Diastolic: pressure maintained by the peripheral blood vessels during diastole.
Systolic: the blood pressure when the heart is contracting |
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Term
| What does the systolic component of blood pressure directly reflect? |
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Definition
| The maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart |
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Term
| What is pregnancy induced hypertension related to? What is another term for this? |
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Definition
Toxic mediators, from impaired placenta perfusion that alter vessels endothelial cells
Toxemia or preeclampsia |
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Term
| What are symptoms of toxemia? |
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Definition
| High blood pressure( a blood pressure reading higher than 140/90 mm Hg, or a significant increase in one or both pressures), protein in the urine, edema(swelling) |
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Term
| Explain isolated systolic hypertension in the elderly. |
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Definition
| The aorta becomes increasingly rigid |
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Term
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Definition
| ACE= angiotensin converting enzymes, Decrease conversion angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2 |
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Term
| In addition to hypertension, what else might ACE inhibitors be used to treat? |
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Definition
| Scleroderma and migraines |
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Term
| What medication is frequently used to reduce the risk of coronary thrombosis (blood clot) in the absence of angina? |
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Definition
| Antiplatelets, such as Plavix |
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Term
| Describe variant (Prinzmental's) angina (chest pain). |
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Definition
| Chest pain caused from a coronary vessel spasm |
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Term
| What is myocardial infarction? What are the signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
| It is a heart attack. Signs include: crushing chest pain, feeling of nausea and indigestion. |
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Term
| What is the most recommended treatment to reduce chest pain for myocardial infarctions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the cause for the high frequency myocardial infarction from 6:00 am to noon? |
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Definition
| Catecholamine sensitivity of coronary vessels higher – more vasoconstricting action |
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Term
| Most common complication of early myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role does myoglobin play in myocardial infarction? |
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Definition
| Enzyme test used to determine if there are elevated levels. Levels elevate during the first 2-3 hours of a heart attack. |
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Term
| Explain why anginal pain does not develop in a number of people with advanced coronary atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
| Pain tolerance, sedentary lifestyle, adequate collateral circulation |
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Term
| Describe the cardiac conduction system |
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Definition
| Specialized myocardial cells that can create and conduct impulses |
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Term
| What is hypovolemic shock and what are the causes? |
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Definition
| It is an emergency condition in which severe blood and fluid loss makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body. This type of shock can cause many organs to stop working. Causes: excessive loss of body fluid (includes vomiting) |
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Term
| What is the reason for the appearance of pale, cool, and clammy skin that is found in an individual with shock? |
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Definition
| Blood is shunted away from skin to vital organs |
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Term
| What compensatory mechanisms come into play if heart failure occurs? |
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Definition
| Hpertrohpy, sympathetic stimulation, rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanis |
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Term
| Describe ECG graph paper. What is an ECG and what represents the ventricular depolarization on the ECG? |
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Definition
| Electrocardiograph runs at a paper speed of 25 mm/s. One small block of ECG paper translates into 0.04 s. Five small blocks make up 1 large block, which translates into 0.20 s. An electrocardiogram records the electrical activity of the heart (QRS wave) |
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Term
| Most common initial manifestations of dilated cardiomyopathies are related to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe what happens during the T, P and QRS wave of the cardiac cycle. |
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Definition
| T: ventricular re-polarization, P: atrial depolarization, QRS: complex- ventricular depolarization (stimulation) |
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Term
| Sympathetic stimulation causes what effects on the heart? |
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Definition
| Increase in rate and strength of cardiac contraction |
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Term
| What is the SA node and what is its function? |
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Definition
| Sinoatrial node- it is the pacemaker of the heart. It generates impulses faster than other cardiac cells. |
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Term
| Describe congestive heart failure. |
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Definition
| Inability to meet the needs of the body’s demand for blood |
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Term
| What is the order of impulse conduction in the heart? |
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Definition
| Sa-av node- bundle of HIS – Purkinje system |
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Term
| What is the modern explanation of the mechanism of cardiac cell contraction? (which crossbridge) |
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Definition
| A cross bridge that is formed between myosin and actin |
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Term
| What are LDL and HDL? Which one carries cholesterol to the liver for removal? |
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Definition
| They are lipoprotiens. HDL carries cholesterol to the liver for removal. |
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