Term
Events in RNA Processing - Eukaryotic + Descriptions of Events |
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Definition
1. Capping - modified guanine nucletide is added to the front of the mRNA 2. Polyadenylation - addition of 100-250 adenine to end of mRNA 3. Splicing - Removal of introns and splicing together of exons. |
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Term
Eukaryotic difference in RNA Transcription: Eukaryotic Bacteria Where: # of nuclear polymerase: Is processing necessary: |
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Definition
Eukaryotic: Bacteria: Inside Nucleus Cytosol Three One(Sigma Factor) Yes No |
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Term
Types of Transcription Termination and descriptions |
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Definition
Self Termination - uses a terminator sequence rich in guanine + cytosine followed by a region rich w/adenine.
Rho Dependent Termination - uses a protein molecule to signal termination. |
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Term
Differences: RNA Polymerase from DNA Polymerase |
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Definition
1. in RNA poly no helicase is necessary 2. in RNA poly no primer is needed 3. in RNA only one strand is transcribed 4. RNA poly is slower than DNA Poly III ~ 50 nucleo p/sec 5. RNA uses ribose sugar DNA uses deoxyribose 6. Uracil is used instead of thymine 7. in RNA proofreading is less efficient - 1 error per 10,000 nucleotides. |
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Term
Where does the energy needed to covalently bond ribonucleotides come from? |
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Definition
Using the energy from the first phosphate bond of the ribonucleotide. |
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Term
Four type os RNA ribonucleotides |
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Definition
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Term
Primase Transcribes: RNA Polymerase Transcribes: |
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Definition
Primase: RNA Primer RNA Poly: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA |
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Term
The strength of the promoter directly affects: |
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Definition
The likelihood that transcription will take place. |
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Term
In bacteria this subunit of RNA polymerase is necessary for recognition of a promoter. |
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Definition
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Term
RNA Polymerase initially bonds to where? |
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Definition
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Term
What enzyme synthesizes RNA |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
# of ribonucleotides in an tRNA molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
What is "Wobble" in reference to anticodon. |
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Definition
Change of angle from normal axis that allows the third nucleotide to hydrogen bond to a nucleotide other than its compliment. |
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Term
Three sites on a ribosome involved in polypeptide formation. |
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Definition
A - Amino Acid P - Polypeptide E - Exit |
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Term
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Definition
Initiation Elongation Termination |
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Term
Steps of Translation Initiation: |
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Definition
1. Ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA at a ribosome-binding site in a way that the start codon is in the P site. 2. tRNA attaches at the ribosome's P site. 3. The larger ribosomal subunit then attaches to form a complete initiaion complex. |
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Term
Steps of Translation Elongation: |
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Definition
1. The transfer RNA whose anticodon matches the next codon delivers its amino acid to the A site. 2. A peptide bond is formed between terminal amino acid of the growing chain and the newly introduced amino acid. 3. The ribosome then shifts the mRNA one position. 4. The ribosome releases the empty tRNA from the E site. |
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Term
Steps of Translation Termination: |
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Definition
Proteins called release factors halt elongation and the ribosome dissociates into its subunits. |
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Term
Translation differences in Eukaryotes: |
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Definition
1. Initiation of translation in eukaryotes occurs when the small ribosomal subunit binds to the 5' guanine cap rather than a specific nucleotide sequence. 2. The first amino acid in eukaryotic polypeptides is methionine rather than formylmethionine. |
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Term
Two types of bacterial gene expression regulation: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Not usually transcribed and must be activated by inducers. |
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Term
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Definition
Are transcribed continually until deactivated by a repressor. |
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Term
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Definition
Micro RNA's made of 22 nucleotides that binds with RNA silencing complex either cleaves the mRNA molecule or binds to it blocking its entrance into a Ribosome. |
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Term
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Definition
Double stranded RNA that binds with RNA silencing complex and blocks mRNA from binding with a ribosome. These are not natural, lab created. |
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Term
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Definition
A RNA molecule that changes shape in response to environmental conditions such as temp or concentration of nutrients. When activated it will fold to either favor or block translation. |
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Term
Example of an inducible operon: |
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Definition
The lac operon - Lactose. |
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Term
Example of a repressible operon: |
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Definition
The trp operon - Tryptophan. |
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Term
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Definition
The use of microorganisms to make practical products. |
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Term
Tools of Genetic Engineering: |
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Definition
1. Mutagens 2. Reverse Transcriptase 3. Synthetic Nucleic Acids 4. Restriction Enzymes 5. Vectors |
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Term
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Definition
Physical and chemical agents that produce mutations. |
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Term
What is reverse transcriptase? |
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Definition
Technique that creates a flow of genetic information in the opposite direction of conventional transcription. Therefore writing additional code to a cells DNA. |
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Term
What are synthetic nucleic acids? |
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Definition
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Term
What are restriction enzymes? |
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Definition
Enzymes that cut DNA molecules at restriction sites (palindromes). |
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Term
Types of ends produced by restriction enzymes and a description. |
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Definition
Sticky Ends: Ends are fragmented.
CGA AGCTTCG GCTTCGA AGC
Blunt Ends: Both strands cut at same point.
CCCAAC GTTGGG GGGTTG CAACCC |
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Term
What are vectors? Examples of Vectors: |
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Definition
Nucleic acid molecules used to transport and insert genes into cells.
Examples: Viral Genomes, Transposons, and Plasmids |
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Term
Techniques of Genetic Engineering: |
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Definition
1. Polymerase Chain Reaction 2. Gel Electrophoresis 3. Southern Blot 4. DNA Microarrays 5. Inserting DNA into Cells |
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Term
What is Polymerase Chain Reaction? |
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Definition
Technique by which scientists produce a large number of identical molecules of DNA in vitro. |
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Term
What is Gel Electrophoresis? |
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Definition
Technique used to isolate fragments of DNA molecules that can be inserted into Vectors. |
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Term
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Definition
A method to transfer DNA from agarose gels to nitrocellulose membranes. |
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Term
What are DNA Microarrays? |
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Definition
An array consisting of molecules of single-stranded DNA, which is immobilized on glass slides, silicon chips, or nylon membranes. |
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Term
Three artificial techniques for introducing DNA into cells: |
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Definition
1. Electroporation: Usage of electrical current to puncture tiny holes in the cells membrane so DNA can enter. 2. Protoplast fusion: Combining of DNA by increasing rate of fusion. 3. Injection: By micropipette. |
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Term
Some products produced by recombinant DNA Technology: |
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Definition
Vaccines, DNA fingerprinting, Herbicides |
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Term
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Definition
Deoxyribose Sugar Nitrogenous Base Phosphate Group |
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Term
Eukaryotic Genomes: Shape - Contained Within - |
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Definition
Linear Shape Contained within the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
DNA and Histones wrapped together. |
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Term
What are chromatin fibers? |
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Definition
Nucleosomes clumped together with other proteins. |
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Term
Other than the nucleus where else can Eukaryotic DNA be found? |
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Definition
Within mitochondria or chloroplasts. |
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Term
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Definition
Specific sequences of nucleotides that code for polypeptides or RNA molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
The specific way which one of 5 nitrogenous bases are hydrogen bonded to one another. |
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Term
Which base pair are triple bonded? Which are double bonded? |
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Definition
Triple = Guanine and Cytosine Double = Adenine and Thymine |
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Term
The two strands of DNA are called? (Hint: orientation) |
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Definition
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Term
Which bacteria have histones? |
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Definition
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Term
Direction of DNA synthesis: |
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Definition
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Term
Why is DNA replication called semi-conservative? |
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Definition
New DNA is composed of 1 original strand and 1 daughter strand. |
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Term
What is a Heterochromatin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Genetic Recombination: Transduction and Steps |
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Definition
The transfer of DNA from one cell to another via a replicating virus.
1. Phage injects its DNA 2. Phage enzymes degrade host DNA 3. Cell synthesizes new phages with phage and host DNA. 4. Transducing phage injects donor DNA into new cell. 5. Donor DNA is incorporated into recipient chromosome by recombination. |
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Term
Genetic Recombination: Transformation |
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Definition
Recipient cell takes up DNA from the environment, such as DNA from dead organisms.
-Mouse Experiment |
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Term
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Definition
Silent Mutation Missense Mutations Nonsense Mutations |
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Term
What is a Silent Mutation |
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Definition
No change to amino acid sequence due to redundancy of genetic code. |
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Term
What is a Missense Mutation |
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Definition
Triplet still codes a protein but is not the correct protein in the sequence, can prevent protein from forming correctly if in a critical area. |
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Term
What is a Nonsense Mutation |
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Definition
Changes an amino acid into a stop codon. |
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Term
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Definition
Point Mutations Framshift Mutations Gross Mutations |
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Term
What are point mutations? |
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Definition
One nucleotide base pair is affected. |
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Term
What are frameshift mutations? |
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Definition
When insertions or deletions cause the entire sequence to shift. |
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Term
What are gross mutations? |
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Definition
Large deletions, transpositions, or inversions of genetic sequences. |
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Term
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Definition
A permanent change in the nucleotide base sequence of a genome. |
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Term
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Definition
Section of DNA that includes a promoter, operator, and subsequent genes.
Operon [----------------------------------------] {AAAA}{=Promotor=}{=Operator=}{=Gene1=}{=Gene2=}{AAAAAAA} |
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Term
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Definition
A sequence of 3 nitrogenous bases. |
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Term
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Definition
Triplets of mRNA that code for a specific anti-codon or amino acid. |
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Term
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Definition
Matching base pairs to codons, located on tRNA. |
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Term
What bases are methylated in: Bacteria Eukarya |
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Definition
Bacteria: Adenine and rarely Cytosine Eukarya: Cytosin only. |
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Term
Differences in Eukaryotic and Bacteria DNA replication: |
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Definition
1. Eukaryotic uses four different polymerases. 2. Eukaryotic Okazaki fragments are shorter than bacterial. 3. Plants and animals methylate cytosine bases exclusively. 4. Large size of Eukaryotic chromosomes requires thousands of origins instead of one like bacterial cells. |
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Term
4 Types of Eukaryotic Polymerases |
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Definition
Alpha(1) - Initiates Delta(4) - Elongates Leading Strand Epsilon(5) - Replicates Lagging Strand Gamma(3) - Replicates Mitochondrial DNA |
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Term
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya
# Chromo
Plasmids?
DNA Shape
DNA Locale
Histones? |
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Definition
|Bacteria | Archea | Eukarya |___________|___________|_________ # Chromo| Haploid | Haploid | Diploid |___________|___________|_________ Plasmid?| In some | In Some |Fungi\Pro |___________|___________|_________ DNA Shp | Circular | Circular | Linear |___________|___________|_________ DNA Loc | Nucleoid | Nucleoid | Nucleus | Plasmids | Plasmids | Mitochon |___________|___________|_________ Histones| No | Yes | Yes |___________|___________|_________ |
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Term
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Definition
Removes supercoils during DNA replication of bacteria, and unwinds DNA for replication in eukaryotes. |
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Term
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Definition
Seals gaps between Okazaki Fragments of lagging strand. |
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Term
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Definition
Provides 3' hydroxyl group required by DNA polymerase. |
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Term
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Definition
Replaces RNA primer w/DNA |
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Term
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Definition
The usual enzyme of DNA replication in bacteria and mitochondria. |
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Term
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Definition
Adds new nucleotides into open DNA strands. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Why is one strand of DNA called the 3' strand? |
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Definition
Because it ends with a hydroxyl group bound to the 3' carbon. |
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Term
Why is one strand of DNA called the 5' strand? |
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Definition
Because it ends with a phosphate group attached to the 5' carbon. |
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Term
Roles of Methylation in Bacteria (4) |
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Definition
1. Control genetic expression 2. Initiation of DNA replication 3. Protection against viral infection 4. Repair DNA |
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Term
DNA Replication: Steps (5) Lagging Strand |
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Definition
1. Primase synthesizes RNA primers, instead of 1 like leading strand it inserts one every 1000-2000 DNA base pairs. 2. Nucleotides pair up compliments. 3. DNA Polymerase 3 joins nucleotides into Okazaki fragments. 4. DNA polymerase 1 replaces RNA primers of okazaki fragments and proofreads. 5.DNA ligase seals gaps between okazaki fragments. |
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Term
DNA Replication: Steps (5) Leading Strand |
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Definition
1. Enzyme primase synthesizes a short RNA molecule complementary to DNA strand. 2. Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides form compliments. 3. Using energy from Triphosphate deoxyribonucleotides, DNA polymerase 3 forms covalent bonds. 4. DNA Polymerase 3 proofreads the strand. 5. DNA polymerase 1 replaces RNA primer w/DNA. |
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Term
Enzyme responsible for Proofreading Replicated DNA and correcting errors? |
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Definition
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Term
DNA Replication: Initial Steps (4) |
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Definition
1. Proteins and histones are removed. 2. DNA Helicase separates strands. 3. DNA Polymerase binds to each strand. 4. Begin leading and lagging strand synthesis. |
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Term
Types of Plasmids and their Functions |
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Definition
Fertility - instructions for conjugation Resistance - carry genes for resistance to drugs. Bacteriocin - produce toxins to kill competititve bacteria. Virulence - carry instructions for structures, enzymes, or toxins that enable it to be pathogenic. |
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Term
Prokaryotic Genomes: Where is DNA stored? Where are chromosomes located? |
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Definition
In Chromosomes or plasmids. Within the nucleoid region. |
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Term
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Definition
The entire genetic compliment of a cell or virus. Including its genes and nucleotide sequences. |
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Term
Genetic Recombination: Conjugation (Process) |
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Definition
1. Bacteria connect via pili. 2. One strand of F plasmid DNA transfers to the recipient. 3. A single strand of plasmid DNA is synthesized to compliment the transfered single strand DNA. 4. The new double strand DNA is now a fully formed plasmid within the recipient cell. |
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Term
What is gene therapy?
Risks?
Benefits?
Limitations? |
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Definition
A process where missing or defective genes are replaced with normal copies.
Risks: Unexpected Results
Benefits: Curing "uncurable" diseases.
Limitations: Limited to only certain diseases. |
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Term
Human genetic defects targeted by gene therapy. |
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Definition
Cystic Fibrosis Sickle-cell anemia Hemophilia Diabetes |
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Term
What is DNA Fingerprinting |
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Definition
Technique to identify unique sequences of DNA. |
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Term
What are some applications for DNA Fingerprinting? |
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Definition
Paternity Investigations Crime Scene Forensics Diagnostic Microbiology Epidemiology |
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Term
What is "Antisense" DNA Technology? |
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Definition
The technique of using nucleic acid molecules that have nucleotide sequences that bind to and interfere with genes and mRNA molecules. |
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Term
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Definition
Genetically modified organism, used to produce proteins and enzymes not typically found within said organism. |
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Term
Novel properties of Viruses: |
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Definition
Inert outside of a cell, becomes active inside.
Do not divide or grow.
Acellular
Obligate intracellular parasites.
Contain either DNA or RNA, never both.
Genome can be dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA.
Ultramicroscopic.
Have a proteinaceous capsid around genome.
Replicate in an assembly-line manner using host cell functionality. |
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Term
General size of a virus is measured in? |
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Definition
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Term
When a virus is outside of a cell it is referred to as a? |
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Definition
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Term
All virions have these basic parts:
Some also have: |
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Definition
All: Capsid and a Nucleic Acid Core
Some: Envelope (Phospholipid membrane)
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Term
The term referring to a capsid and its nucleic acid core is: |
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Definition
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Term
The outermost layer of a virus, either the capsid or envolope provides these funcitons: |
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Definition
Protection and recognition sites for specific hosts. |
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Term
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Definition
Protein coating surrounding nucleid acid core of a virus. |
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Term
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Definition
The proteinaceous subunits of a capsid. |
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Term
A virus that infects bacteria is called? |
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Definition
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Term
Name given to viruses that will infect many types of cells in many different hosts. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Smallest Virus size:
Largest Virus size: |
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Definition
Smallest: 10nm
Largest: 400nm |
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Term
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Definition
Proteins that fill the region between capsid and envelope. |
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Term
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Definition
A membrane located externally to the viral capsid. |
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Term
How does a capsid acquire a viral envelope? |
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Definition
When a virus is released from a host cell it is coated with a portion of the host cells external membrane. |
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Term
In addition to the viral envelope what else does the virus pick up while being exocytosed? What are these used for? |
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Definition
Glycoproteins, used for recognition of like cells. |
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Term
Chemical Composition of Capsomer: |
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Definition
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Term
Chemical Composition of Capsid: |
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Definition
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Term
Chemical Composition of Viral Genome: |
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Definition
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Term
Chemical Composition of Viral Envelope: |
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Definition
Phospholipid Bilayer and Proteins |
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Term
Chemical Composition of Viral Spike: |
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Definition
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|
Term
Five stages of viral replication: |
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Definition
1. Attachment 2. Entry 3. Synthesis 4. Assembly 5. Release |
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Term
Viral Replication: Explain Attachment |
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Definition
Connecting of the virion to a host cell. |
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Term
Viral Replication: Explain Entry |
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Definition
A virion or its genome entering a host cell. |
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Term
Viral Replication: Explain Synthesis |
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Definition
Creation of new nucleic acids and viral proteins by the host cell's enzymes and ribosomes. |
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Term
Viral Replication: Explain Assembly |
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Definition
Building of new virions within the host cell. |
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Term
Viral Replication: Explain Release |
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Definition
Virions leaving the host cell either by lysing or exocytosis. |
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Term
How does lysogenic replication differ from lytic replication? |
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Definition
During lysogenic replication the viral DNA/RNA remains inert until and environmental trigger activates it. While inert it is inserted into the DNA of the host and is replicated with each cell division. |
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Term
An inactive bacteriophage is called: |
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Definition
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|
Term
3 Ways animal viruses can penetrate a host cell? |
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Definition
1. Direct Penetration 2. Membrane Fusion 3. Endocytosis |
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Term
Additional step that animal viruses must do after entering host cell: |
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Definition
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|
Term
For the genome: dsDNA How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: RNA Polymerase (in nucleus or cytoplasm) Molecule: Each strand of DNA serves as template for its compliment. |
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Term
For the genome: ssDNA How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: RNA polymerase (in nucleus) Molecule: Complementary strand of DNA is synthesized. |
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Term
For the genome: +ssRNA How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: Genome acts as mRNA Molecule: -RNA complementary to the genome is synthesized to act as template. |
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Term
For the genome: +ssRNA (Retroviridae) How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase. mRNA is transcribed from DNA by RNA polymerase. Molecule: DNA |
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Term
For the genome: -ssRNA How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: RNA dependent RNA transcriptase Molecule: +mRNA (compliment to viral genome) |
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Term
For the genome: dsRNA How is mRNA synthesized? What molecule is template for Genome Replication? |
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Definition
mRNA Synth: Positive strand of genome acts as mRNA. Molecule: Each strand acts as template. |
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Term
Steps of Animal Virus Replication: (6) |
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Definition
1. Attachment 2. Penetration 3. Uncoating 4. Synthesis 5. Assembly 6. Release |
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Term
What term describes a nonenveloped virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Name given to viruses that shed from host cell slowly and relatively steadily without killing the host cell. |
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Definition
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Term
Two ways naked viruses are released from host cells: |
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Definition
Exocytosis or by cell lysis. |
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Term
Examples of latent viruses: |
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Definition
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Term
Define: Lysogenic Conversion |
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Definition
Conversion of a harmless form of bacteria to a pathogenic form. |
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Term
Difference in Latency vs. Lysogeny |
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Definition
In latency the viral DNA does not necessarily become incorporated into the host DNA. |
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Term
Uncontrolled cell division in a multicellular animal is called: |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Active genes that control cell division rate. |
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|
Term
Factors that contribute to the inhibition of oncogene repressors and the activation of oncogenes: |
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Definition
UV Light Radiation Carcinogens Viruses |
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Term
How are viruses classified? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Extremely small, circular pieces of RNA that are infectious and pathogenic to plants. |
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Term
|
Definition
Proteinaceous infective particles. |
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Term
How do Prions infect cells? |
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Definition
By hijacking the cellular membrane protein PrP of the host and converting it to prion PrP. |
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Term
Examples of diseases associated with Prions: |
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Definition
Mad Cow Disease (Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis) Scrapie in sheep. Kuru Chronic Wasting Disease in deer and elk. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans. |
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Term
A virus that is specific for a bacterial host is called a: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Name 3 criteria for specific family classification of viruses: |
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Definition
1. Type of nucleic acid. 2. Envelope Structure 3. Capsid Type |
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Term
A clear zone of phage infection in a bacterial lawn is: |
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Definition
|
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