History

 Written records of the past

Prehistory

The time before writing was invented

Ardi

Set of fossilized skeletal remains of

a female Ardipithicus Ramidus

Ardipithicus

An early hominid that lived about 4.4 

million years ago

Australopithicus Afarensis

A hominid that lived in southeastern

Africa 3.6-2 million years ago

Lucy

The remains of an Australopithecus

Afarensis found in Ethiopia dating back

3.6 million years

Homo Habilis

A hominid that lived 2.5-1.6 million 

years ago and was the first hominid to

use stone tools

Homo Erectus

A hominid living 1.8m-100k years ago

that first migrated out of africa

and invented fire

Fire

 Homo Erectus invented fire to stay warm

during Ice Ages and as they migrated to 

colder climates

Ice ages

The periods of time in which Planet Earth

became much colder and humans struggled to survive

Homo Sapiens

The first hominids to master fire and have rapid brain growth

Homo Sapiens Sapiens

The hominid that we are today

Migration Patterns

The route of humans when they

migrated out of Africa

Natural Selection in Humans

The survival of the fittest; more evolved humans replaced less evolved ones

Natural selection in Crops

Humans would select the best crops to grow and grow them instead of growing good crops and bad crops, how nature would have done it

Hunting and Gathering

Lifestyle where men would typically hunt for meat and women and children would typically gather

Nomadic Lifestyle

Lifestyle where there is no set home to live; you would travel 

Agriculture

The growing and domestication of crops and animals

Agricultural Revolution

Humans switched from hunting and gathering to an agriculturalist lifestyle

Neolithic Revolution

Another term for Agricultural Revolution

Systematic Agriculture

The keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis

Domestication

Modification of animals and crops for human uses

çatalhöyük

The site of the first surplus of food

Surplus of food

When a civilization or group has grown more food than they need

Bronze Age

Period of time when bronze tools were used instead of stone tools

Iron Age

Period of time when iron tools were used instead of bronze tools

Artisan

Skilled workers; men who were really good at one particular thing

Social Classes

The division people by their power: Upper, middle, and lower classes

Upper Class

Rich people with land and money

Middle Class

People who worked, but weren't poor

Lower Class

The poor people who worked all day; slaves

Cities

Large compilation of structures; bigger than a village

Government

The rules and rulers of a civilization, kings and queens; monarchy

Art

A way for people to express themselves and draw/paint their god(s)

Writing

A way of keeping record of what is happening at the time

Religion

People developed religion so they could have someone to look up to

Monarchy

Kings and Queens as rulers

Civilization

A complex culture

River Valley Civilizations

Civilizations developed around rivers, giving them rich soil and plenty of irrigation

Army

A means of protecting a civilization

Specialist

Someone trained in a specific area; Artisan

Middle East

The birthplace of Agriculture

Eurasia

The combination of Europe and Asia

Mesopotamia

One of the cradles of civilization built around the Euphrates and the Tigris rivers

Indus Valley

One of the cradles of civilization build around the Indus river

Fertile Crescent

A crescent-shaped chunk of land in the 

Middle East containing Mesopotamia

and Syria

Cradles of Civilization

Locations identified as the birthplaces 

of civilization

China 

One of the cradles of civilization centered around the Yellow river

Egypt

one of the cradles of civilization centered aroung the Nile river

Geography

The study of land

Physical Geography

The branch of Geography that deals with natural features

Human Geography

The branch of geography that deals with the world, its people, communities, and cultures

Culture

The way a group of people has adapted based on their background and environment

Map

A two-dimentional representation of the world

Globe

A three-dimentional representation of the world

Continent

A large mass of land of which there are seven on planet earth

Oceans

Large water masses that are all connected

Absolute Location

The locationg of a place based off longitude and latitude coordinates

Relative Location

Location of a place based on proximity to another place using cardinal directions

Cardinal Directions

North (up), West (left),

South (down), East (right)

Latitude

The angular distance North or South of the Equator

Longitude

The angular distance East or West of the Equator

Equator

An imaginary line that divides the Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere

Parallels

Imaginary horizontal lines that extend in the same direction and never intersect

Meridians

Imaginary lines that go from one pole to the other

Prime Meridian

A Meridian that passes through Greenwich, England that is used to measure location

Coordinates

The specific location of something using latitude and longitude

First migration out of Africa

 Homo Erectus was the first Hominid to migrate out of Africa 1.8 million years ago

Fossil

The preserved remains of an ancient organism

Nile River

The river Ancient Egypt was centered around

Euphrates River

One of two rivers that Mesopotamia was centered around

Tigris River

One of two rivers that Mesopotamia was centered around

Yellow River

The river that Ancient China was centered around

Indus River

The river the Indus Valley Civilization was centered around

Empire

A civilization that has many types of people all united under one leader and has lots of land

Kingdom

An area of land owned and ruled by a Monarch