Term
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Definition
undescended testes at puberty
low androgen level
4% full term, 30% premature |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of serous fluid around one or both testicles within the tunica vaginalis or processus vaginalis |
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Term
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Definition
| processus vaginalis does not degenerate and remains open to superior peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| cells in processus vaginalis reactivate and create a cyst between testis and the above peritoneum |
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Term
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Definition
| tunica vaginalis over excretes serous fluid and creates a more inferior cyst |
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Term
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Definition
intestines protrude inferiorly through the deep inguinal ring (lateral to Hasselbach's triangle)
can proceed all the way through the inguinal canal to the scrotum or labia majora
associated with younger patients
appears and disappears slowly, requires surgical reduction |
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Term
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Definition
intestine protrudes inferiorly within Hasselbach's triangle (medial to inferior epigastric a)
usually due to failure of conjoint tendon
associated with older patients
appears and disappears rapidly and spontaneously |
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Term
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Definition
females - 16% umbilical, 50% inguinal, 34% femoral
males - 1% umbilical, 97% inguinal, 2% femoral |
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Term
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Definition
females
incomplete obliteration of the processus vaginalis can cause indirect inguinal hernia or hydrocele |
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Term
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Definition
caused by cysts in rete testis, efferent ductules, and/or head of epididymis
cysts are distended with milky fluid that contains sperm
asymptomatic except when large
can be transilluminated
causes: epididymitis (infection), tubule diverticula that swell over time from spermatogenesis |
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Term
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Definition
spermatic cord gets twisted around the blood vessels, cutting off testicular blood supply
most common in 12-18 y/o
usually sports related groin injury causes cremaster mm. to spasm, twisting testis
immediate pain, immediate treatment require to save testis
tx: untwist and suture to scrotal wall to prevent retwisting |
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Term
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Definition
reduced venous return from testes via pampiniform plexus
results in enlargement of the veins, looks and feels like a bag of worms
most common on left side due to the testicular v. drain to renal which can get backed up
usually develops slowly, no symptoms
common cause of infertility |
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Term
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Definition
lesion on the lining of the stomach or duodenum
abdominal (epigastric) pain, nausea, vomiting
75% are caused by H. pylori bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
HP secretse enzymes that neutralize stomach acid
promotes own survival
ammonia by-product and baterical cytokines kill epithelial lining
strongly associated with gastric cancer |
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Term
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Definition
aka paraesophageal hital hernia
part of stomach protrudes out of the gastroesophageal junction
due to failure of phrenico-esophageal ligament
medical emergency
fundus of stomach can become necrotic
acquired |
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Term
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Definition
failure of phrenico-esophageal ligament
results in gastroesophageal junction rising above diaphragm
leads to acid in esophagus
not a medical emergency
acquired |
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Term
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Definition
caused by portal hypertension (liver blockage)
enlarged and tortuous veins, unnaturally swollen |
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Term
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Definition
ventral migration of ventral pancreatic bud (pancreas surrounds deuodenum)
can result in duodenal stenosis (obstruction via constriction)
Tx: surgery to free the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
disconnect digestive track after cardium of stomach
reattach lower to jejunum to maintain food flow (bypass stomach)
attach lower duodenum into lower jejunum to maintain enzymatic flow |
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Term
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Definition
removal part of pancreas, all of duodenum and gallbladder
attach remaining pancreas to start of jejunum to maintain enzymatic flow
attach pyloric region of stomach to jejunum to maintain food flow
attach common bile duct to jejunum to maintain bile flow |
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Term
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Definition
white to yellow in color
liver dumps excess cholesterol into bile exceeding the dissolving capacity of the detergents |
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Term
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Definition
brown to black in color
excess bilirubin removed from blood stream by liver dumps it into bile
bilirubin combines with Ca2+ and other bile components |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
disorder of the structure of the liver from continuing liver damage over a prolonged period of time
scar tissue replaces normal, healthy tissue, blocking blood flow through organ
Signs: esophageal varices, caput medusae, internal hemorrhoids |
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Term
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Definition
widening of SMA (aneurysm)
obstruction of duodenum and left renal vein
Tx: resect ligament of Treitz, frees duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
persistence of vitelline duct (yolk sac)
fibrous cord extending to umbilicus (sometimes present)
Rule of 2s: 2% pop, 2ft from ileocolic junc., 2" long, 2x likely in males |
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Term
| incompletely obliterated vitelline duct |
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Definition
tether's intestinal wall to abdominal wall
fibrous band remnant
causes volvulus - intestines flip over fibrous band axis causing constricted intestines and blood flow |
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Term
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Definition
persistence of vitelline duct that is an opening between intestines and abdominal wall
intestinal contents or intestines themselves can come out of umbilicus |
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Term
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Definition
felt as lump
painful
confused with tumors
cyst found between intestinal wall and abdominal wall |
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Term
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Definition
inflammation/infection of appendix
begins as dull visceral pain then becomes somatic and localized when ruptured
rebound tenderness upon release of slow pressure applied at affected site |
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Term
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Definition
tests for appendicitis in a pelvic appendix
supine position, flex hip and and knee at 90*
examiner internally rotates femur at hip, PT resists |
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Term
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Definition
tests for appendicitis in a retrocecal appendix
lay of left side, examiner hyperextends hip
strectches the psoas major muscle and puts pressure on appendix |
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Term
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Definition
"telescoping" intestine
intestine folds in on itself
common at ileocecal junction
results in obstructed bowel and compromised blood supply
present with abdominal pain, currant jelly stools
surgical treatment required |
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Term
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Definition
twisting of intestine upon itself
midgut volvulus more in children (malrotation of gut during develop)
hindgut volvulus more in adults (@sigmoid due to elongation and hypermobility with age) |
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Term
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Definition
| ballooning or herniation of the circular smooth muscles along the colon |
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Term
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Definition
infection and inflammation of diverticuloses
result of low fiber diet
chyme dehydrates, hardens into poop rocks, shoved up against wall
poop rocks can be sugically removed
50% of patients over 60
acquired disease usually occur along tenia coli |
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Term
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Definition
present with: bleeding from anus, constipation or diarrhea that lasts more than a week, blood in stool
peduculated or sessile
sessile more indicative of malignant |
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Term
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Definition
lack of Auerbach's or Messenter's plexi
usually congenital, can be acquired
lack of parasympathetic input to colon
doesn't move food/stuff along
causing swelling upstream
Tx: resect portion w/o parasym input |
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Term
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Definition
nephrolithiasis
formed from hardened mineral deposits in kidney
asymptomatic until they become lodged and block flow
severe pain from back up and dilation |
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