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Unit 2 Key Terms
AP Human Geography
67
Geography
12th Grade
10/16/2013

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Term
activity space
Definition
space where daily activity occurs
Term
agricultural revolution
Definition
the time when human beings first domesticated plants and animals and no longer relied entirely on hunting and gathering
Term
AIDS
Definition
a serious disease of the immune system transmitted through blood products especially by sexual contact or contaminated needles
Term
arable land
Definition
land that can be farmed on
Term
arithmetic growth
Definition
a pattern of growth that increases at a constant amount per unit time
Term
arithmetic population density
Definition
the population of a country or region expressed as an average per unit area
Term
awareness space
Definition
knowledge of opportunity locations beyond normal activity space
Term
carrying capacity
Definition
largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support
Term
chain migration
Definition
migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there
Term
circulation
Definition
short-term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis
Term
critical distance
Definition
the distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of the people to travel
Term
crude birth rate
Definition
the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Term
crude death rate
Definition
the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society
Term
demographic momentum
Definition
the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution; important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model
Term
demographic transition theory
Definition
theory based upon the experience of first world countries which successively moved in stages from an initial period of low population growth rates because of high birth and death rates declined while birth rates remained high to a final period in which population growth rates can be interpreted as being in the middle stage of the demographic transition
Term
demography
Definition
the branch of sociology that studies the characteristics of human populations
Term
density
Definition
the amount per unit size
Term
dislocation
Definition
condition of being out of place
Term
distance decay
Definition
the effects of distance on interaction, generally the greater the distance the less interaction; due to the increase in technology
Term
dot maps
Definition
thematic maps that use points to show the precise locations of specific observations or occurrences, such as crimes, car accidents, or births
Term
doubling rate
Definition
the length of time required for a population to double in size
Term
emigration
Definition
migration from a location
Term
endemic
Definition
1) native to or confined to a certain region 2) a disease that is constantly present to a greater or lesser degree in people of a certain class or in people living in a particular location
Term
epidemiologic transition (mortality revolution)
Definition
distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition
Term
ethnicity
Definition
an ethnic quality or affiliation resulting from racial or cultural ties
Term
exponential growth
Definition
growth pattern in which the individuals in a population reproduce at a constant rate
Term
female infanticide
Definition
the intentional killing of baby girls due to the preference for male babies and from the low value associated with the birth of females
Term
forced migration
Definition
permanent movement compelled usually by cultural factors; refugees
Term
geometric rate
Definition
population increases exponentially
Term
gravity model
Definition
a model that holds that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
Term
immigration
Definition
migration into a place (especially migration to a country of which you are not a native in order to settle there)
Term
industrial revolution
Definition
the change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850
Term
infant mortality
Definition
the number of infant (under 1 year of age) deaths per 1,000 live births
Term
in-migration
Definition
movement into another region or community
Term
internal migration
Definition
human movement within a nation-state, such as going westward and southward movements in the US
Term
inter-regional migration
Definition
permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Term
intervening obstacles
Definition
any forces or factors that may limit human migration
Term
intervening opportunity
Definition
the presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away
Term
intraregional migration
Definition
permanent movement within one region of a country
Term
life expectancy
Definition
an expected time to live as calculated on the basis of statistical probabilities
Term
linear growth
Definition
expansion that increases by the same amount during each time interval
Term
migration
Definition
the movement of persons from one country or locality to another
Term
migration selectivity
Definition
only people exhibiting certain characteristics in a population choosing to migrate
Term
natural increase
Definition
crude death rate subtracted from crude birthrate
Term
neo-Malthusians
Definition
a belief that the world is characterized by scarcity and competition in which too many people fight for few resources; pessimists who warn of the global ecopolitical dangers of uncontrolled population growth
Term
net-migration rate
Definition
difference between immigrants and emmigrants per 1,000 people
Term
one child policy
Definition
act in China that allows people to have only 1 child in the city and 2 children in the countryside
Term
out-migration
Definition
number of people moving out of a given region at a given time
Term
overpopulation
Definition
the number of a people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living
Term
pandemic
Definition
an epidemic that is geographically widespread
Term
population concentrations
Definition
the arrangement or spread of people in a given area
Term
population explosion
Definition
the rapid growth of the world's human population during the past century, attended by ever-shorter doubling times and accelerating rates of increase
Term
population geography
Definition
a division of human geography concerned with spatial variations in distribution, composition, growth, and movements of population
Term
population pyramid
Definition
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
Term
pull factors
Definition
a factor that draws or attracts people to another location
Term
push factors
Definition
Factors that induce people to leave old residences.
Term
race
Definition
a grouping of human beings with distinctive characteristics determined by genetic inheritance
Term
refugees
Definition
people who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion
Term
restrictive population policies
Definition
government policies designed to reduce the rate of natural increase
Term
space-time prism
Definition
the set of all points that can be reached by an individual given a maximum possible speed from a starting point in space-time and an ending point in space-time
Term
spatial interaction
Definition
the movement of people, goods and ideas within and across geographic space
Term
stationary population level
Definition
the level at which a national population ceases to grow
Term
step migration
Definition
migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city
Term
Thomas Malthus
Definition
an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence (1766-1834)
Term
total fertility rate
Definition
the number of children born to an average woman in a population during her entire reproductive life
Term
voluntary migration
Definition
permanent movement undertaken by choice
Term
zero population growth
Definition
a decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero
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