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Samuel de Champlain |
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August 13, 1574 – December 25, 1635
"The Father of New France", was a French navigator, cartographer, draughtsman, soldier, explorer, geographer, ethnologist, diplomat, and chronicler. He founded New France and Quebec City on July 3, 1608 |
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March 5, 1658 - Oct. 15, 1730
Cadillac sailed to Canada (from France) in 1683. In Canada, he fought the Iroquois Indians. He then lived in Maine. Cadillac became the commandant of the post of Mackinac (in what is now Michigan) from 1694 to 1697. Cadillac founded the city of Detroit in 1701 and was the governor of the Louisiana Territory from 1710 to 1716 |
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Robert de le salle |
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| Born in Rouen, France, on November 22, 1643, Robert de le salle was an explorer best known for leading an expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, claiming the region watered by the Mississippi and its tributaries for France, and naming it Louisiana after King Louis XIV. His last expedition was to invade and conquer part of the Spanish province of Mexico, which failed and cost La Salle his life. |
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| George Washington was born on February 22, 1732, in Westmoreland County, Virginia. Washington served as a general and commander-in-chief of the colonial armies during the American Revolution, and later became the first president of the United States, serving from 1789 to 1797. He died on December 14, 1799, in Mount Vernon, Virginia. |
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| Born in Boston in 1706, Benjamin Franklin organized the United States’ first lending library and volunteer fire department. His scientific pursuits included investigations into electricity, mathematics and mapmaking. He helped draft the Declaration of Independence and the U.S Constitution, and negotiated the 1783 Treaty of Paris, which marked the end of the Revolutionary War. |
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| Appointed shortly afterwards to command against the French in America, he landed in Hampton, in the colony of Virginia on February 20, 1755 with two regiments of British regulars. He met with several of the colonial governors at the Congress of Alexandria on 14 April and was persuaded to undertake vigorous actions against the French. |
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| Born in London, England, in 1708, William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, entered politics at age 27 and quickly rose to prominence with his skillful oratory and strong criticism of the Crown's policies. He became a champion of the common man and helped lead Britain to victory in the Seven Years' War. Advocating for fair polities toward the American colonies, hoping to prevent their declaring independence, into his later years, Pitt died in 1778. |
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January 2, 1727 – September 13, 1759
James Wolfe was a British Army officer, known for his training reforms but remembered chiefly for his victory over the French at the Battle of Quebec in Canada in 1759. |
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Marquis de Montcalm |
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| At the start of the Seven Years’ War, Montcalm was promoted to major-general and given the command of French forces in North America. In 1756, his forces captured Fort Oswego, which assured French control of Lake Ontario. |
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| 1720 – April 20, 1769 was an Ottawa war chief who became noted for his role in Pontiac's Rebellion (1763–1766) In July 1766, Pontiac made peace with British Superintendent of Indian Affairs Sir William Johnson. |
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1723–1790
Adam Smith was an economist and philosopher who wrote what is considered the "bible of capitalism," The Wealth of Nations, in which he details the first system of political economy. |
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| George Grenville (14 October 1712 – 13 November 1770) was a British Whig statesman who rose to the position of Prime Minister of Great Britain. Grenville authored the Stamp Act, |
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Stamp Act congress |
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| The Stamp Act Congress, or First Congress of the American Colonies, was a meeting held between October 7 and 25, 1765 in New York City, consisting of representatives from several of the American colonies to devise a unified protest against new British taxation. |
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Sons & Daughters of Liberty |
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| The Sons of Liberty was an organization of dissidents that originated in The North American colonies. The secret society was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take to the streets against the abuses of the British government. They are best known for undertaking the Boston Tea Party in 1773 in reaction to the Tea Act, which led to the Intolerable Acts (an intense crackdown by the British government), and a counter-mobilization by the Patriots. |
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| August 24, 1725 – September 4, 1767) was a British politician. He represented Great Yarmouth in Parliament from 1747 to 1756 |
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Iroquois Federation |
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| are a historically powerful and important northeast Native American confederacy known as the "Iroquois League" and later as the "Iroquois Confederacy." It comprises the Six Nations: Mohawk, Onondaga, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora. Many prominent individuals are members of Iroquois nations or have Iroquois ancestry. Allied British in Revolutionary War |
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New France |
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| was the area colonized by France in North America during a period beginning with the exploration of the Saint Lawrence River by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Spain and Great Britain in 1763. The territory was then divided into five colonies, each with its own administration: Canada, Acadia, Hudson Bay, Newfoundland (Plaisance), and Louisiana. |
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Coureurs De Bois |
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| an independent entrepreneurial French-Canadian woodsman who traveled in New France and the interior of North America. They ventured into the woods usually to trade various European items for furs, especially beaver pelts, and along the way, learned the trades and practices of the Native people who inhabited there. The term is often confused with voyageurs who, rather than being unlicensed entrepreneurs were the canoe travel workers for licensed fur traders. The most prominent coureurs des bois were also explorers and gained fame as such. |
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The Fur Trade |
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| French colonization of Canada, which began in 1604, was directed from the start toward fur trade with the Indians. Quebec, founded as a trading post by Samuel de Champlain in 1608 |
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War of Jenkin |
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| was a conflict between Great Britain and Spain that lasted from 1739 to 1748, with major operations largely ended by 1742. Its unusual name, coined by Thomas Carlyle in 1858, refers to an ear severed from Robert Jenkins, captain of a British merchant ship. |
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Peace Treaty of 1748 |
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signed on 18 October 1748 by Great Britain, France, and the Dutch Republic.Great Britain and France dictated the proposed terms of the treaty, which had previously been agreed at the Congress of Breda, and other nations accepted them. These were:
Austria recognised Frederick II of Prussia's conquest of Silesia, as well as renouncing parts of its Italian territories to Spain.
France withdrew from the Netherlands in order to have some of its colonies returned. France regained Cape Breton Island, lost during the war, while it returned the captured city of Madras in India to Great Britain and gave up the Barrier towns to the Dutch. France withdrew from the Austrian Netherlands.
Maria Theresa ceded the Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla in present-day Italy to Spain.
The Duchy of Modena and the Republic of Genoa, conquered by Austria, were restored.
The Asiento contract, which had been guaranteed to Great Britain in 1713 through the Treaty of Utrecht, was renewed. Spain later raised objections to the Asiento clauses, and the Treaty of Madrid, signed on 5 October 1750, stipulated that Great Britain surrendered her claims under those clauses in return for a sum of £100,000. |
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French & Indian War |
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| Also known as the Seven years war 1754–1763, The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. |
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The Battle of Quebec, 1759 |
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| British and Americans against the French and Canadians. After the battle the French civil governor of Canada, M. Vaudreuil left Quebec taking the majority of his surviving force and on 18th September 1759 the governor of Quebec surrendered the city to Townsend. The taking of Quebec was the beginning of the end of French rule in Canada although the British troops had to endure a severe winter in the ruined city. |
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treaty of Paris, 1763 |
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| was signed on 10 February 1763 by the kingdoms of Great Britain, France and Spain, with Portugal in agreement, after Britain's victory over France and Spain during the Seven Years' War. |
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Proclamation of 1763 |
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| The proclamation provided that all lands west of the heads of all rivers which flowed into the Atlantic Ocean from the west or northwest were off-limits to the colonists. This excluded the rich Ohio Valley and all territory from the Ohio to the Mississippi rivers from settlement. The proclamation also established or defined four new colonies, three of them on the continent proper. Quebec, which was of course already well settled, two colonies to be called East Florida and West Florida — and off the continent, Grenada. |
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Mercantilism |
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| Mercantilism is an economic theory and practice, dominant in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century,[1] that promotes governmental regulation of a nation's economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It is the economic counterpart of political absolutism.[2] Mercantilism includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Historically, such policies frequently lead to war and also motivate colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varies in sophistication from one writer to another and has evolved over time. High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy. |
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Navigation Laws |
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| Navigation Acts were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign ships for trade between Britain and its colonies. They began in 1651 and ended 200 years later. They reflected the policy of mercantilism, which sought to keep all the benefits of trade inside the Empire, and minimize the loss of gold and silver to foreigners. They prohibited the colonies from trading directly with the Netherlands, Spain, France, and their colonies. created smugglers (privateers) used in the revolutionary war. |
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Salutary Neglect |
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| an American history term that refers to an unofficial and long-lasting 17th- & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England. |
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Seven Years War |
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| Also known as the French and indian war, 1754–1763, The war was fought between the colonies of British America and New France, with both sides supported by military units from their parent countries of Great Britain and France, as well as Native American allies. |
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Sugar Act, 1764 |
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| Also known as the american revenue act, was the revision of the molasses act. it taxed sugar |
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