Term
| What is pharmacotherapeutics? |
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Definition
| The first of three phases. Drug becomes a solution so that it can cross biologic membrane. Non existent in liquid medications such as IV or shot. |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
1.) Absorption
2.) Distribution
3.) Metabolism
4.) Excretion |
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Term
| What is pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| A biologic/physical response induced from the medication administered. The study of drug concentrations and its effects on the body. |
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Term
| What 2 effects do pharmacodynamics cause? |
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Definition
Primary - the intended effect
Secondary - could be intended or not. side effect |
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Term
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Definition
| The relationship between minimal versus maximal amount of drug needed to produce the desired drug response. |
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Term
| What are the phases of a drug effect? |
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Definition
1.) Onset - the time it takes to reach the minimum effect
2.) Peak - Highest blood/plasma level
3.) Duration - the length of time the drug has a pharmacologic effect |
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Term
| How does sodium and calcium move? |
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Definition
| The channel spans the membrane and opens, allowing for the flow of ions into and out of the cells (sodium and calcium) |
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Term
| How do kinase-linked receptors work? |
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Definition
| The ligand-binding domain for drug binding is on the cell surface. Drug activates the enzyme and a response is initiated. |
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Term
| What are the 4 categories of drug actions? |
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Definition
1.) Stimulant/Depressant
2.) Replacement
3.) Inhibition/Killing of organisms
4.) Irritation |
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Term
| What happens in the absorption phase? |
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Definition
| Movement of drug particles from the GI tract to body fluids by absorption. |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of absorption? |
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Definition
1.) Passive - diffusion
2.) Active - carrier required
3.) Pinocytosis - engulfing particles |
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Term
| What type of drug moves quickest? |
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Definition
| Lipid soluble because that is what the GI tract is made out of. |
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Term
| What do water soluble drugs need? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do weak acids or bases move quicker? |
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Definition
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Term
| Do nonionized or ionized move faster? |
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Definition
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Term
| Drugs that are injected intramuscularly are absorbed faster when the muscle has more what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first pass effect? |
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Definition
| The process in which the drug passes through the liver first and is metabolized. WARFARIN/COUMADIN & MORPHINE |
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Term
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Definition
| A subcategory of absorption. Percentage of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation. |
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Term
| How much of oral drugs reach systemic circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much of intravenous drugs reach systemic circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What effects bioavailability? |
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Definition
1.) Drug form
2.) Route
3.) GI Mucosa and motility
4.) Food & other drugs
5.) Changes in liver metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the drug becomes available to the body fluids and tissues. |
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Term
| What effects distribution? |
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Definition
1.) Blood flow
2.) Drugs affinity for the tissues
3.) Protein binding |
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Term
| What is a highly protein bound drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a moderately highly protein bound drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a moderately protein bound drug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a low protein bound drug? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The drug NOT bound to protein that is ACTIVE AND CAN CAUSE PHARMACOLOGIC RESPONSE. As free drug concentration decreases, more bound drug is released from protein to maintain balance. |
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Term
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Definition
| BIOTRANSFORMATION. Drugs can be metabolized in the GI tract or liver. BREAKDOWN OF DRUG. |
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Term
| Where is the place of primary metabolism? |
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Definition
| Liver and small intestine |
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Term
| What happens to drugs in the liver? |
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Definition
| Become inactive in the liver by enzymes and then converted to inactive metabolites or water-soluble substances for excretion. |
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Term
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Definition
| The time it takes for half a drug concentration to be eliminated. |
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Term
| When is first pass effect lesser? |
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Definition
| When drugs are given via IV |
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Term
| What does not effect first pass effect? |
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Definition
1.) Frequent oral doses
2.) Low protein intake
3.) Administration w/ food |
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Term
| What does too low potassium cause? |
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Definition
| Cardiac dysrhythmia. Hypokalemia. |
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Term
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Definition
| The main route of drug elimination is through the kidneys via urination. Elimination of the drug. |
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Term
| Can kidneys break down protein bound drugs? |
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Definition
| NO! Once a drug is free in circulation, they can be urinated out of the body. |
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Term
| What does acidic urine promote the elimination of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does basic urine promote the elimination of? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a creatinine clearance test? |
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Definition
| Shows renal fxn. Creatinine is the product of muscle that is excreted by the kidneys. The test compares the levels in urine w/ that in blood. A decrease in renal ability results in an increase in blood levels and a decrease in urine levels. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a non-competitive antagonist? |
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Definition
| React with certain receptor sites preventing the rxn of another chemical with a different receptor site. |
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Term
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Definition
| Produce responses similar to those produced naturally occurring neurotransmitters, hormones, and other substances found in the body. |
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Term
| What is the therapeutic index? |
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Definition
| Estimates the margin of safety of a drug through the use of a ratio that measure the effective dose in 50% of persons or animals and the lethal dose in 50% of animals. The closer the ratio is to 1, the closer the person is to toxicity. |
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Term
| How do you find the therapeutic index? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a low therapeutic index? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a high therapeutic index? |
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Definition
| Wide margin of safety/less danger of producing toxic effects |
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Term
| What is therapeutic range? |
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Definition
| The minimum effective concentration in the plasma for obtaining desired drug action and the minimum toxic concentration. |
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Term
| What is the peak drug level? |
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Definition
| The highest plasma concentration of drugs at a specific time. |
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Term
| What is trough drug level? |
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Definition
| The lowest concentration of a drug and its measure. The rate at which the drug is eliminated. Lab drawn right before they give the medication again. |
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Term
| What is pharmacogenetics? |
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Definition
| The scientific discipline that studies how the effect of a drug action varies from the predicted response because of genetic factors or hereditary influence. |
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