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| The way members of a society adapt to their environment and give meaning to their lives. |
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| Maximum number of people a society can support given the available resources |
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| Intensification vs. Extensification |
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Intensification is creating more product with the same land area in the same location. Extensification is introducing production into land areas that were previously unused or used for less intensive purposes. |
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| To clear, burn off an area, grow crops until productivity declines due to soil exhaustiuon, abandon field and leave it to regenerate. |
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| pattern of exchange among many trading partners in the Trobriands and other south pacific islands |
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| mutual give and take among people of equal status |
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distribution of goods with no immediate return expected in foraging societies hunters distribute meat and dont have any immediate return mother and child |
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exchange of goods of nearly equal value with an obligation to return them within a time limit going to a birthday party and getting them a great gift, for your birthday party would be expecting the same gesture exchange of invitations |
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exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage and the desire to get something for nothing Having someone work extremely hard on crop and gets very low wages Tribal and peasant societies |
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| settled; living in one place |
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| Productivity and Efficiency |
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| Capatalist, Tributary, Kin-ordered differentiated by the way people organize themselves and their production |
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| rural cultivators who produce for the subsistence of their households but are also integrated into larger, complex state societies. |
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| a practice, value, or form of social organization that evens out wealth within a society |
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| a ritual system in which wealthy people are required to hold a series of costly ceremonial offices |
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| Right that allows the use of property that belongs to another |
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| most basic feature is the alienation of most people from the means of production |
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| states extracting surplus from primary producers |
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| organize labor along kinship line |
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| When brothers share a wife |
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about fraternal polyandry in Tibet - 2 or more brothers jointly take a wife, who leaves home to live with them. advantages- reduces risk of family fission, reduces population growth, maintenance of the good life problems- sexual favoritism |
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In Japan, people arent happy but divorce rates and unwed teens are lower than most nations. they believe love marriages are more fragile than arranged marriages secret to strength: low expectations, patience and shame |
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| Arranging a marriage in india |
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most marriages in india is arranged, non arrnaged marriages are called love match. bride and groom dont meet each other before being married. They feel its better to have the parents look for the spouse because they are more experienced and would rather get to know the spouse when married. Familys reputation is most important. |
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| Why cant people feed themselves? |
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| colonial rule made peasants replae food crops with cash crops and were expropriated at low rates, they took over the best agricultural land for export crop plantations and forved able bodied workerds to leave village fields to work as slaves for low wages, encouraged a dependence on imported food, blocked native peasant cash crop production from competing |
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| Understanding Eskimo science |
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| Depend on hunting, eskimos know things from acquiring knowledge and gaining experience, they could tell when a storm was coming by watching the seals, they learn from the animals, |
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| Instead of vegetables these people ate things we dont eat lthat contain the same nutrients needed like sea mammals livers and oils of cold water fish. Other nutrients are enough to get from the animal eaten itself and is far more healthier than what is eaten now, they also work hard to get their food |
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| includes primary things such as land, technology (tools) and resources |
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| In preindustrial economys the household is the basic unit of production and consumption. In western society work has very important social implications |
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Sexuality-foraging societies men hunt and women generally gather agricultural societies both play important roles in food production |
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| an economic unit, people united by kinship share a residence and organize production, consumption and distribution |
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| an institution that is organized primarily for financial gain |
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| Is efficient and produces large quantities at a time, it takes a large physical and emotional toll on members of a society |
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| a competitive giveaway and feasting practiced by the Kwakiutl and other groups of the northwest |
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| the custom whereby a man marries the widow of a deceased brother |
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| the custom whereby, when a man's wife dies, her sister is given to him as a wife |
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monogamy- only one man to be married to one woman at any given time Polygamy- one man to several women Polyandry- one woman to several men |
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| the cultural rule that a man must work for his bride's family for some time either before or after marriage |
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| goods presented by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to legitimize a marriage |
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| required presentation of goods by the brides kin to the family of the groom ot to the couple |
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Neolocal residence-married couples create their own households Patrilocal residence-the newly married couple lives with the husbands family Matrilocal residence-the couple lives with the wifes family avunculocal residence-the couple lives with the wifes uncles family bilocal residence-the couple can choose between living with the wifes family or the husbands family |
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Nuclear family-consisting of a married couple and their children Composite family-aggregates of nuclear families usually linked by the husband extended families-consists of two or more generations of male or female kin and their spouses and offspring |
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| divorce and remarriage enmesh nuclear families in ever larger and more complicated kindship networks |
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| customs, rules and obligations for relationships between a sexually cohabiting couple, parents and children, and families of the bride and groom |
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| regulates sexual access, division of labor, creates a family, and expands social group |
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| limit marriage to certain groups, dictate how many people an individual may marry at one time, dictate the kinds of exchanges and rituals that legitimate marraige and determine what rigths and obligations are established |
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| a rule specifying that a person must marry outside a particular group |
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| a rule prescribing that a person must marry within a particular group |
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| prohibitions on sexual relations between relatives |
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| ways different groups of people take care of needs |
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a food-getting strategy that does not involve food production or domestication of animals hunting and gathering Inupiaq eskimos |
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a food-getting strategy that depends on the care of domesticated herd animals Herding maasai |
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production of plants using a simple, nonmechanized technology; fields are not used continuously simple tools non-intensive Hopi Indians |
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a form of food production in which fields are in permanent cultivation using plows, animals, and techniques of soil and water control farming Peasants in Musha, Egypt |
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| Relationship between environment and subsistence strategy |
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environment is a limiting factor foraging-extreme environments pastoralism- water no soil environments horticulture- on equator warm and wet environments agriculture-all kinds of environments |
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limits sexual competition provides stability for children allows for stable economic exchange |
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marriage provides a stable structure the male can provide food and protection the female can nurse and nurture the children |
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organic solidarity mechanical soldarity |
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links different families and kin groups leads to cooperation beyond the primary husband-wife pair allows people to share resources benefits the survival of the species |
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