Term
| What important principle did Ebbinghaus learn long ago about our long-term memories? |
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Definition
| When it comes to long-term memories of complex events, our actual memory is just a few high points, and we reconstruct or fill in the rest each time we recall that memory. |
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Term
| What changes in the brain seem to be associated with memory formation? |
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Definition
| Changes at the synapse of the brain |
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Term
| What is LONG-TERM POTENTIATION (LTP)? |
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Definition
| An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |
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Term
| Why are we particularly likely to remember stressful or exciting events? |
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Definition
| Our body produces stress hormones that excite the brain, which triggers a higher functioning sense of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is IMPLICIT MEMORY or PROCEDURAL MEMORY? |
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Definition
| Retention, without conscious recollection, of skills and dispositions i.e. keyboard/remembering letters, numbers and alphabet, speech, reading, social norms without an understanding why other than precedence, etc. |
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Term
| What is EXPLICIT MEMORY or DECLARATIVE MEMORY? |
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Definition
| Memory for facts and experience that you can consciously recall and declare (put into words) i.e. remembering fact because of unique story behind it, can tell the 5 W's about something, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage. |
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Term
| Why do we have almost no conscious memories from before we are three years old? |
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Definition
| The hippocampus takes the longest to mature, therefore isn't fully developed before 3 years old. Also, our grasp of language and words isn't very coherent until much later, too. |
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Term
| What are the tree signs that something has been learned or retained? |
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Definition
| RECALL, RECOGNITION, and ability to RELEARNING more swiftly. |
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Term
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Definition
| Retrieving information that was learned earlier. |
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Term
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Definition
| identifying items that are previously learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| Learning something a second time faster that when the material was originally learned. |
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Term
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Definition
| The activation of particular associations in memory, by remembering the right retrieval cues. |
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Term
| What is MOOD-CONGRUENT MEMORY? How does it cause moods, good or bad, to persist? |
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Definition
| The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood. bad mood therefore bad memories and vice versa. |
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Term
| What are the three general causes of forgetting? is all forgetting bad? |
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Definition
| 1- failure to encode information (put it into memory)2- failure to store information (retain it in memory)3- failure to retrieve information(recall it from memory) |
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Term
| What are some examples of failure to encode unimportant information? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a forgetting curve, and who first developed it? What does it show about learning and forgetting? |
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Definition
| Developed by Ebbinghaus, it's a chart that demonstrates the rapid retention, but the ultimate steep forgetfulness that follows within a month. But information that is with you in memory will remain with one for quite some time. |
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Term
| What is PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE? |
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Definition
| When learning one thing makes it harder to learn and remember something that comes later. |
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Term
| What is RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE? |
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Definition
| When Learning something new make s it harder to remember something that was learned. |
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Term
| What is POSITIVE TRANSFER? |
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Definition
| When learning one thing makes it easier to learn another. |
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Term
| What is REPRESSION, and who originated the idea? |
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Definition
| Painful memories are so painful that we unconsciously forget them ever happening. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ground-breaking psychologist that believed bad memories could be repressed. |
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Term
| Do most people in general believe repression occurs? What do most psychologists believe about how frequently it occurs? |
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Definition
| Yes, most people believe it happens, but psychologist believe that painful memories tend to scar individual and repression is rare. |
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Term
| How reliable/ accurate are "recovered" memories? What is most likely to happen to highly painful memories? |
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Definition
| They are accurate to a degree, not entirely to accurate; perceptive. Bad memories are often hard to keep off the mind. |
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Term
| What is the MISINFORMATION EFFECT, and who is ELIZABETH LOFTUS? |
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Definition
| That misleading information can be incorporated into your memory for an event; in effect, that new inputs can significantly change old existing memories, without your awareness that your memories have been changed. |
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Term
| How did LOFTUS demonstrate the misinformation effect in a classic study involving a film of a traffic accident? How easy is it to implant false memories? |
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Definition
| Let them watch the film, but later asked questions about details that weren't present like glass in certain areas. A new input can change the memory leading to misinformation. It's very easy to implant false memories. |
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Term
| What is SOURCE AMNESIA or SOURCE MISATTRIBUTION? What are some examples? |
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Definition
| When we attribute events we have experienced, heard, or read about, or inagined to the wrong source. For instance, we might believe that we actually experienced something we only heard about or imagined. Pres. Reagan told a story about a congressional medal award winner in a speech, but the problem was that it was only a fictional character from a movie he had either seen or been a part of. |
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Term
| How do our attitudes lead to memory reconstruction? |
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Definition
| We tend to think our attitudes have always been the same i.e. in retrospect of a good relationship gone sower, we might view the whole relationship as bad in memory. |
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Term
| How reliable is eyewitness memory? What is the relationship between the confidence of eyewitnesses and the accuracy of their memories when giving eyewitness testimony? What is the best way to question a witness in order to get accurate, unbiased reports? |
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Definition
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Term
| How good is our memory for our own conversations? What is it vitally important that we remember about memory? |
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Definition
| Lousy; OUR MEMORIES SEEM FAR MORE ACCURATE THAN THEY REALLY ARE! |
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