reflected intreests of local converts

• converts mixed inherited traditions and rituals into the religion (protection against evil spirits, rituals to please deities and ancestors, etc.)

The construction fo the Grand Canal was one of the most elaborate projects undertaken in the Sui Dynasty

• Sui Yangdi ordered the construction
• connected Northern and Southern China by creating a water trade route

Discovered by Daoist alchemists while seeking elixers to prolong life

• made by mixing charcoal, saltpeter, sulphur, and arsenic
• was used in military to enhance their power (bombs, cannons)

Tang Taizong

(reigned 627-907)

• Tang Dynasty's second emperor
• China was said to have enjoyed an era of stability and prosperity during his reign
• had 3 policies that made his rule successful:
• maintence of transportation and communication networks (roads, etc.)
• equal-field system distribution
• bureacracy based on merit (civil service exam)

increased productivity by adopting improved agricultural techniques

• heavy plows attached to oxen (N) and water buffalo(S)
• Fertilized land with manure
• artificial irrigation systems

Advancements in naval technology allowed the Chinese to  trade with more distant countries

• used compass, iron nails, sails, and rudders
• increased trade between Indian Ocean, Japan and Malay penninsula

• used in Tang Dynasty- successful for a while
• equal distribution of land according to its fertility  and recipiant's needs
• 1/5 of land became hereditary land of recipiants while the rest was abailable for redistribution
• system started to fail e. 18th century-- bribery, increased population, some land given to temples

Tang Dynasty relied on this method to find worthy government officials (Civil Service Exam)

• took officials who were trained on Confucianism, based on their intellect, not social status

Form of oppression of women in Chinese patriarical society

used to show high social standing by binding a young girl's feet w/ cloth to prevent natural growth of bones

• Buddhism w/ Chinese characteristics
• Similar to Daoists as well as Buddhists (emphasized intuition and flashes of insight instead of written texts)
• became popular faith in Tang and Song dynasty

• Mixed Buddhist ideas into Confusist philosophies together
• influenced east Asia for many years and lands China conquered
• shaped philosophical, political and moral thought

Dynasty in Korea

• agreed to see China as overlord to aviod conflict, but was more like an independant country
• had trubutary relationship with China

Koreans took ideas from China and incorporated them into their own societies

• royal court (royal officials)
• Capital Kumsong modeled after Tang capital Chang'an
• read chinese literature and used chinese language and Chinese religion and philosophy spread to Korea

Differred: no bureaucracy based on merit, rule under the aristocrats

• modeled administration and bureaucracy after China
• ruling class studied Confucianism to get into gov. careers
• spread of Buddhism from China (and India) into Vietnam

Rainy spring and summer (SW winds), but dry fall and winter (NE winds)

• used rain from spring and summer to water crops during that time, irrigation for the dry seasons
• light rain in spring and summer led to droughts and famine

India had already been trading with other countries before throught the Indian Ocean Basin.

During Post Classical Era, larger ships and improved commercial organization supported a dramatic surge in the value and volume of trade in the Indian Ocean.

• India was an important/ natural site for emporia and warehouses
• India during the time of the Umayyad and Abbasid Dynasties in SW Asia and Tang and Song Dynasties in China-- large trade site