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Definition
| has various specialized organic functons, produces hydrogen and peroxide. |
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| channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent cells. |
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| organisms that contain their own DNA are |
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Definition
| The Mitochondria and Chloroplasts |
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| Microtubules/Microfilaments/Cilia/Flagella |
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Definition
Microtubules: hollow rods found in the cytoplasm.
Microfilaments: solid rods(actin filaments) form strucural networks.
Cilia: usually locomotor appendages, occur in large numbers on the cell surface(work like oars)
Flagellum: longer than Cilia, usually only one per cell(move in undulating motions)
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| The 3 Intercellular junctions |
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Definition
Gap junctions: (communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cells.*like Plasmodesmata*
Desmosomes: function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets.
Tight Junctions: membranes pressed TIGHTLY together to prevent extracellular leakage.
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Definition
| outer membrane- inner membrane- cristae- matrix(has free ribosomes) |
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| inner and outermembranes-stroma(has free ribosomes)-granum-thylakoids |
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| Molecules that pass through the membrane |
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Definition
| Small and hydrophobic, O2, CO2 and H2O. others have to go through ionic channels and protien pumps. |
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| Permeability of the Lipid Bilayer |
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Definition
allows hydrophobic and small mocules, H2O CO2 and O2.
hydophobic core impedes direct passage of of ions and polar molecules(hydophyllic) |
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Definition
a carrier protien w/ a central channel acts as a selective corridor to help molecules move across the membrane, forms a protien channel.(without energy input, occus either direction)
the 2 protiens used are channel and carrier. |
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Definition
| cell engulfs a particle by wrapping pseudopodia around it and packaging membrane-enclosed sac large enough to be classified as a vacuole. |
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| the cell "gulps" droplets of extracellular fluid into tiny vesicles to get the molecules inside. |
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| Combustion VS Aerobic Respiration |
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Definition
Combustion: is the burning of a substance, releasing oxidation and carbon compounds. energy is released as heat, takes place at a much higher temperature.
Respiration- is the release of enrgy from food through oxygen. catalyzed by enzymes so it takes place at a much lower temperature.
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Definition
The product of the electron transport chain. A higher concentration of protons outside the inner membrane of the mitochondria than inside the membrane is the driving force behind ATP synthesis.
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Definition
| responsible for converting glucose to pyruvate and generating ATP in the process. Glycolysis does not require oxygen to function and occurs in the cytosol.glucose, C6H12O6, into pyruvate, C3H6O3-. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high energy compounds, ATP & NADH |
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Definition
| A series of chemical reactions, starts with acetyl-coA adding acetyl to oxalic acid, creating citric acid. occurs in the matrix, converts food to generate usable energy, provides precursors for many compounds including some amino acids. |
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Definition
couples a chemical reaction between an electron donor (such as NADH) and an electron acceptor (such as O2) to the transfer of H+
ions across a membrane, through biochemical reactions. These ions used to make ATP as they move back across the membrane. Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy from sunlight (photosynthesis) and from redox reactions such as the oxidation of sugars. |
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Definition
| convert solar energy into chemical energy, take in NADP+ and ADP and 1 phosphate group to make ATP and NADPH. |
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| When pigments absorb photons... |
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Definition
the absorbed photon boosts one of the pigment molecule's electrons in its lowest energy state(ground state) and the orbital of higher potential energy(potential energy).
makes an afterglow called Fluorescence(doesnt occur in thylakoids b/c nearby primary electron acceptor molecules trap the electrons. |
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Definition
| an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule at the reaction center of a photosystem. |
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Definition
| Series of biochemical reactions that take place in the stroma of chloroplasts in photosynthetic organisms. convert CO2 and H2O into organic compounds that can be used by the organism (and by animals that feed on it). This set of reactions is also called carbon fixation. The key enzyme of the cycle is called Rubisco. |
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Definition
| coupling of exergonic electron flow down an ETC to ATP production. In plants: Light rxns generate energy by chemiosmosis. Chlorophyll loses an electron when energized by light. The electron travels down a photosynthetic electron transport chain ending on NADPH. The electrochemical gradient generated across the thylakoid membrane drives the production of ATP by ATP Synthase. This process is known as photophosphorylation. |
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Term
| The Light rxns/ Calvin cycle take place... |
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Definition
| Take place in the Tylakiod membrane/the Stroma. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemically fix carbon dioxide in the cells of the mesophyll by adding it to the three-carbon molecule phosphoenolpyruvate(PEP), a reaction catalyzed by an enzyme called PEP carboxylase and which creates the four-carbon organic acid, oxaloacetic acid. Each step occurs in 2 type of cells |
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Definition
| have a different leaf anatomy than C4 plants, and fix the CO2 at night, when their stomata are open. CAM plants store the CO2 mostly in the form of malic acid via carboxylation of PEP to oxaloacetate, which is then reduced to malate. |
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| replicates DNA, membrane grows inward and makes 2 new cells. |
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