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| In bacterial and phage DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of the repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon. |
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| A unit of genetic function found in bacteria and phages, consisting of a promoter, an operator, and a coordinately regulated cluster of genes whose products function in a common pathway. |
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| A protein that inhibits gene transcription. In prokaryotes, they bind to the DNA in or near the promoter. In eukaryotes, they may bind to control elements within enhancers, to activators, or to other proteins in a way that blocks activators from binding to DNA. |
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| A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes. |
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| A small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the protein's shape, allowing it to bind to the operator and switch an operon off. |
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| A specific small molecule that binds to a bacterial repressor protein and changes the repressor's shape so that it cannot bind to an operator, thus switching an operon on. |
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| A ring-shaped molecule made from ATP that is a common intracellular signaling molecule (second messenger) in eukaryotic cells. It is also a regulator of some bacterial operons. |
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| A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates gene transcription. In prokaryotes, they bind in or near the promoter; in eukaryotes, they generally bind to control elements in enhancers. |
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| The process by which a cell or group of cells become specialized in structure and function. |
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| The cellular and tissue-based processes by which an animal body takes shape. |
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| A maternal substance, such as a protein or RNA, that when placed into an egg influences the course of early development by regulating the expression of genes that affect the developmental fate of cells. |
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| The process in which one group of embryonic cells influences the development of another, usually by causing changes in gene expression. |
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| The progressive restriction of developmental potential in which the possible fate of each cell becomes more limited as an embryo develops. At the end of it, a cell is committed to its fate. |
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| The development of a multicellular organism's spatial organization, the arrangement of organs and tissues in their characteristic places in three-dimensional space. |
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| Molecular cues that control pattern formation in an animal or plant embryonic structure by indicating a cell's location relative to the organism's body axes. These cues elicit a response by genes that regulate development. |
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| Any of the master regulatory genes that control placement and spatial organization of body parts in animals, plants, and fungi by controlling the developmental fate of groups of cells. |
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| A mutation with a phenotype leading to death of an embryo or larva. |
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| maternal effect gene/egg-polarity gene |
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| A gene that, when mutant in the mother, results in a mutant phenotype in the offspring, regardless of the offspring's genotype. First identified in Drosophila melanogaster. |
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| A maternal effect gene that codes for a protein responsible for specifying the anterior end in Drosophila melanogaster. |
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| A substance, such as Bicoid protein in Drosophila, that provides positional information in the form of a concentration gradient along an embryonic axis. |
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| The protein shell that encloses a viral genome. It may be rod-shaped, polyhedral, or more complex in shape. |
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| A membrane, derived from membranes of the host cell, that cloaks the capsid, which in turn encloses a viral genome. |
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| A virus that infects bacteria. |
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| The limited number of species whose cells can be infected by a particular virus. |
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| A type of phage replicative cycle resulting in the release of new phages by lysis (and death) of the host cell. |
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| A phage that replicates only by a lytic cycle. |
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| An endonuclease (type of enzyme) that recognizes and cuts DNA molecules foreign to a bacterium (such as phage genomes). The enzyme cuts at specific nucleotide sequences (restriction sites). |
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| HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) |
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| AIDS (aquired immunodeficiency syndrome) |
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| bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) |
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| nucleic acid hybridization |
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| PCR (polymerase chain reaction) |
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| restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) |
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| reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) |
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| genome-wide association studies |
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| single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) |
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| short tandem repeats (STRs) |
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| genetically modified (GM) organism |
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