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| 1913 -Behaviorists led by John B. Watson, argued that psychology should study only observable behavior. Thus they campaigned to redefine psychology as the science of behavior. Emphasizing the importance of the environment over heredity, they began to explore stimulus-response relationships, often using laboratory animals as subjects. |
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| Edward Titchener, another student of Wilhelm Wundt, introduced Structuralism in America. Structuralism is a theory that attempted to identify the basic elements of mental processes. The structuralists believed that psychology should use introspection (to look within and examine your own thoughts or feelings.) to analyze consciousness into its basic elements. |
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| 1937 On May 31, in a picture story titled "Rat Works Slot Machine for a Living," Life magazine described the performance of a rat named Pliny the Elder. Using the method of shaping, B.F. Skinner had trained Pliny to pull a chain to release a marble, pick up the marble and drop it in a box for a food reinforcement. Skinner's research. Like Watson before him, Skinner asserted that psychology should study only observable behavior, and he generated controversy by arguing that free will is an illusion. |
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1906
– published his findings regarding classical conditioning (otherwise known as Pavlovian conditioning) in 1906. In his experiments, a bell is rung each time a dog is given food. After a while, the sound of the bell causes the dog to salivate even when food is not present. In other words, the dog had been "conditioned" to associate the ringing of the bell with the act of eating. |
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| His main theory was illness is caused by subconscious i.e. neurosis will abate if it can be discharged with no discomfort for the patient. His talks focused on the repression of desires during childhood and their later affects on an individual's life. These desires, though unconscious, have a powerful influence on a person's psychology and often regard sexual issues. He explained that these repressed desires find expression through dreams, unconscious mannerisms, and slips of speech (often called Freudian Slips). |
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| In his pursuit of the meaning of life, James was active in art, medicine, physiology, psychology, parapsychology, philosophy and religion. He viewed the mind as a stream which can not be meaningfully broken down into distinct components. Functionalists, such as James, believed that psychology should focus on the purpose and adaptive functions of consciousness. |
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| Founder of structuralism. Wilhelm Wundt opened the first formal psychological laboratory in 1879 at the University of Leipzig in Germany. This is considered the beginning of modern, scientific psychology. Wundt introduced a scientific approach to psychology and performed many experiments to measure peoples' reaction time. He is credited with establishing psychology as an academic discipline. |
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| Rogers introduced person-centered therapy, which holds that intrinsic tendencies toward self-actualization can be expressed in a therapeutic relationship in which the therapist offers personal congruence, unconditional positive regard and accurate empathic understanding. |
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•Analyze conscious processes into their basic elements (sensations, images and feelings)
•Discover how these elements became connected
•Specify the laws of these connections |
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First distinctly American school of psychology
• Defined as “the study of the mind as it functions in adapting the organism to its environment. |
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The “scientific study of observable behavior”.
Rejected introspection |
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Finding both behaviorism and psychoanalysis unsatisfactory, advocates of a new theoretical orientation called Humanism became influential in the 1950s.
• Humanism, led by Maslow, Allport and Rogers, emphasized the unique qualities of human behavior and humans' freedom and potential for personal growth. |
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| On March 30, the term "psychoanalysis" was first used in a paper by Sigmund Freud, published in French. Psychoanalysis is nothing to do with psycho therapy. His main theory was illness is caused by subconscious i.e. neurosis will abate if it can be discharged with no discomfort for the patient. |
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| “...we do not perceive the world as it is; we impose cause and effect relationships on it and therefore our perceptions are influenced by our experiences.”Max Wertheimer introduced Gestalt Psychology. Gestalt psychology was based on the belief that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Claimed we perceive and think about wholes rather than simply about combinations of separate elements. The Gestalt school arose as a reaction to structuralism and challenged the behavioral view as well, but eventually it faded as a school of thought. |
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| Cognitive psychologists study how people learn and remember, how they comprehend and produce language, and how they reason and make decisions. Origins can be traced to Gestalt psychology - study thoughts and mental processes |
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| the science of behavior and mental processes |
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Psychology's biggest issue
Nature (genes) vs. Nurture (all other influences) |
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