Atom

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http://www.daviddarling.info/childrens_encyclopedia/Nanotechnology_Chapter4.html

• The smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical element.
• Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms.
• Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electrons that orbit the nucleus.  The nucleus is made of one of one or more protons and typicallys a similar number of neutrons.

Particle

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• small portion of matter
• any of the basic units of matter and energy (as a molecule, atom, proton, electron, or photon)

Substance

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• Physical material from which something is made or which has discrete existence
• Matter of particular or definite chemical constitution

Solid

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• A substance having a definite shape and volume; one that is neither liquid  nor gaseous.
• Firm and stable in shape; not liquid or fluid

Liquid

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• Composed of molecules that move freely among themselvesbut do not tend toseparate like those of gases; neither    gaseous nor solid.
• Fluid matter having no fixed shape but a fixed volume

Gas

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•  A substance in a physical state in which it does not resist change of shape  and will expand indefinitely to fill any container.
• No fixed shape and will take on the shape of the space available

Temperature[image]

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• A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in a sample of matter, expressed in terms of units or degrees  designated on a standard  scale
• A measure of the average kinetic energy of atoms or  molecules in a system

Thermal Energy

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• Of or relating to heat
• Thermal energy is simply the energy possessed by a substance due to the movement of its atoms or molecules
• heat energy generated by motion of molecules
• This movement is what gives a material its temperature: the more the molecules are moving about, the higher the temperature. 

Kinetic Energy

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• The energy that it possesses due to its motion

Molecular Motion

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• The measure of average molecular motion is temperature
• All molecules are in constant motion
• Molecules of a liquid have more freedom of movement than those in a solid
• Molecules in a gas have the greatest degree of motion

Physical Change

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• Changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not its chemical composition. 
• Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds into chemical elements or simpler compounds

Sublimation

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• The transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas phase without passing through the intermediate liquid phase
• Solid to a gas

Condensation

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• The change of the physical state of matter from gas phase into liquid phase
• The reverse of evaporation

Melting

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• A physical process that results in the phase transition of a substance from a solid to a liquid
• Solid to a liquid

Evaporation

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• A type of vaporization of a liquid that occurs from the surface of a liquid into a gaseous phase
• Liquid to gas

Freezing

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• Freezing or solidification, is a phase transition in which a liquid turns into a solid when its temperature is lowered below its freezing point

Boiling

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• Having reached the boiling point; steaming or bubbling up under the action of heat
• To change from a liquid to a gaseous state, producing bubbles of gas that rise to the surface of the liquid, agitating it as they rise

Deposition

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• The process of changing from a gas to a solid without passing through an intermediate liquid phase
• Gas to a solid

Endothermic

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• Absorption of heat
• Taking heat in

Exothermic

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• Release of heat