Where some individuals concentrated their time and talents on things other than fude due to surplus from agriculture.

• Catal Huyuk became a city w/ rapid development of specialized labor

New Stone Age (10,000-4,000 BCE)

• marked by the discovery and mastery of agriculture

(led to increase in human population)

Social Stratification

(Neolithic) 

Because agriculture allowed people to start having permanent settlements and a specialization of labor, it allowed people to accumulate wealth, thus leading to social structure

• mostly wealth from land

• Bantu- African people who originally lived in area of present day Nigeria, very influential, especially linguistically
• Began centuries-long migrations that took them to most of sub-Saharan Africa around 2000 BCE

Writing

(Alphebetic, Hieroglyphic, Cuneform)

• Heiroglyphic- Ancient Egyptian written language; pictographs- there was a simplified version for everyday use and formal writing was used for monumental inscriptions
• Cuneform- Sumerian writing, mix of pictographs and other symbols
• Alphabetic- (originally 22 letters-all consonants) Phoenician writing; beginning of formation of alphebet

• Bablyonian Hammurabi (reigned 1792 - 1750 BCE) "king of the four quarters of the world"
• relied on centralized bureacratic rule (ruling from Babylon and stationing deptudies in ea. territory), and regular taxation.
• created Hammurabi's Laws -"law of retaliation" (lex talionis)
• Empire Falls 1595 BCE

advancement of metallurgical inovations due to specialization of labor

copper -> bronze -> iron

used in egypt; way embalmers preserved bodies of the dead. Removed brain and internal organs and perserved them in stone vessels, filled body w/ spices and covered it w/ natron for 2 months until dried (then replaced natron w/ white linen)

Usually done in wealthy/ high status families (pharohs)

• used by fortune tellers in ancient china
• used broad bones like sheep shoulder blades and turtle shells and wrote a question onto the bone, put it in a fier and read ways the bones cracked to determin answer to question

Climatic Change

Climactic Change

Change in the enviroment that changes the way the people of the region live, for example: extreme climates; can lead to mass migrations

Climactic change- In the classical Era, a climactic change would be the developement of written language, specialization of labor and advancements, long distance trade, and establishment of government

• Generated two social classes: nobles and commoners. 
• Charismatic leaders recognized as nobles. Nobles had the power to organize clans and tribes into alliances to gain enough support to get rid of other nobles. During war nobles had absolute authority over their forces. 
• Nobles passed nobility to heirs, who could lose it if they weren't good leaders of their clans and tribes. Commoners could become nobles mostly by recognition in battle. Nobles could become commoners and work for another noble. 

During the Classical Era, trade became specified and certain countries specialized in certain things.

traded with close neighbors and people farther away as well (Silk Roads and Maritme Trade)

• 15,000 B.C.E. first human groups go to America, 13,000 B.C.E. large scale migration to America starts, 9500 B.C.E. migrants reach the southernmost part of South America, Earliest inhabitants lived by hunting, many went extinct
• 8000-7000 B.C.E people start trying to grow beans, chili peppers, avocados, squashes, and gourds; agriculture appeared around 3000 B.C.E, 2000 B.C.E agriculture spread across Mesoamerica
• end of second millenium B.C.E ceremonial centers like pyramids, temples, and palaces started appearing

 (reigned 521-486) kinsman of Cyrus

Expaneded the kingdom of Persia; conquered Indian kingdom Gandhara, Thrace, Macedonia, W. Coast and Black Sea.

Population at highest point 35 mil.