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| A cell having DNA inside a distinct membrane-enclosed nucleus. (found in multi-cell organisms, ie: human) |
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| The sum of all the chemical reactions that occur in a living cell. |
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| The main pathway for the oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid; also called Embden-Meyerhof Pathway. |
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| Respiration in which the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen. |
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| The process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template. |
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| The use of mRNA as a template in the synthesis of protein. |
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The study of microorganisms
- can't be seen with naked eye
- includes: bacteria, fungi, protists
- eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells |
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| Non-living agents of disease |
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| Gave us the term "cell" (1660) |
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| Advances in microscope lenses that allowed observation of bacteria and protozoa (1676) |
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| WAS a theory that life could arise from non-life. ie: maggots came from meat |
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| Living organisms only come from other living organisms. |
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- Meat jars experiment
- maggots only appear in open jar
Redi disproves spontaneous generation |
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- invented swan neck flask
* put boiled meat broth in flask
* boiled meat to kill bacteria (Pasteurization)
* trapped bacteria in flask, no bacteria in meat brother
- Pasteur's experiment could not always be repeated because of endospores. |
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| bacteria that can go in and out of dormancy |
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| boiling for different lengths of time to destroy spores |
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| gave us design to distinguish the link between certain bacteria and certain disease |
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| Germ Theory of Disease (Koch) |
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Definition
1 - isolate microorganism from diseased
2 - grow microorganism in culture
3 - inject healthy animal
4 - disease is reproduced
5 - microorganisms grown in culture |
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| (early 1800's) - found that women who had their babies at home had a greater chance of living than those who had it in hospital (childbed fever). Discovered the importance of washing hands. |
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| Discovered that using carbolic acid (as antiseptic) could help prevent disease in the hospital. |
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| a heating/cooling process that reduces pathogens to the point where it will not give you disease (does not eliminate all organisms). |
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| Vaccination. Found that milkmaids did not get smallpox because they were exposed to cowpox and their bodies generated an immunity to it and subsequently to smallpox. |
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| Chemotherapy. Discovered penicillin from fungus on petri dish. |
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| Franklin, Creek and Watson |
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| Helped us to understand the double-helix structure of DNA. Franklin took the x-ray that helped them all see the structure. |
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