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| A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion. |
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| Great Biological Exchange |
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| 1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony. |
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| A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks. |
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| 1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president. |
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| 1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom. |
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| Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates |
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| The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros |
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| 1689 - When King James II was dethroned and replaced by King William of the Netherlands, the colonists of New York rebelled and made Jacob Leiser, a militia officer, governor of New York. Leisler was hanged for treason when royal authority was reinstated in 1691, but the representative assembly which he founded remained part of the government of New York. |
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| Printer, author, inventor, diplomat, statesman, and Founding Father. One of the few Americans who was highly respected in Europe, primarily due to his discoveries in the field of electricity. |
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| He wrote "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, a Careful and Strict Inquiry Into...That Freedom of Will Part of the Great Awakening, Edwards gave gripping sermons about sin and the torments of Hell. |
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| During the French and Indian War, Franklin wrote this proposal for a unified colonial government, which would operate under the authority of the British government. |
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| He published articles critical of British governor William Cosby. He was taken to trial, but found not guilty. The trial set a precedent for freedom of the press in the colonies. |
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| 1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness. |
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| 1763 - An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottowa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. |
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| A proclamation from the British government which forbade British colonists from settling west of the Appalacian Mountains, and which required any settlers already living west of the mountains to move back east. |
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| A mob of Pennsylvania frontiersmen led by the Paxtons who massacred a group of non-hostile Indians. |
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| A radical political organization for colonial independence which formed in 1765 after the passage of the Stamp Act. They incited riots and burned the customs houses where the stamped British paper was kept. After the repeal of the Stamp Act, many of the local chapters formed the Committees of Correspondence which continued to promote opposition to British policies towards the colonies. The Sons leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere |
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(1722-1803)
A Massachusetts politician who was a radical fighter for colonial independence. Helped organize the Sons of Liberty and the Non-Importation Commission, which protested the Townshend Acts, and is believed to have lead the Boston Tea Party. He served in the Continental Congress throughout the Revolution, and served as Governor of Massachusetts from 1794-1797 |
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| In June, 1772, the British customs ship Gaspée ran around off the colonial coast. When the British went ashore for help, colonials boarded the ship and burned it. They were sent to Britain for trial. Colonial outrage led to the widespread formation of Committees of Correspondence. |
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| Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilence in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts. |
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| Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts at which Cotton Mather presided as the chief judge. 18 people were hanged as witches. Afterwards, most of the people involved admitted that the trials and executions had been a terrible mistake. |
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1770
The colonials hated the British soldiers in the colonies because the worked for very low wages and took jobs away from colonists. On March 4, 1770, a group of colonials started throwing rocks and snowballs at some British soldiers; the soldiers panicked and fired their muskets, killing a few colonials. This outraged the colonies and increased anti-British sentiment. |
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| On July 8, 1775, the colonies made a final offer of peace to Britain, agreeing to be loyal to the British government if it addressed their grievances (repealed the Coercive Acts, ended the taxation without representation policies). It was rejected by Parliament, which in December 1775 passed the American Prohibitory Act forbidding all further trade with the colonies. |
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| April 19, 1774 General Gage, stationed in Boston, was ordered by King George III to arrest Samuel Adams and John Hancock. The British marched on Lexington, where they believed the colonials had a cache of weapons. The colonial militias, warned beforehand by Paul Revere and William Dawes, attempeted to block the progress of the troops and were fired on by the British at Lexington. The British continued to Concord, where they believed Adams and Hancock were hiding, and they were again attacked by the colonial militia. As the British retreated to Boston, the colonials continued to shoot at them from behind cover on the sides of the road. This was the start of the Revolutionary War. |
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(Breed’s Hill)
At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, the British troops were based in Boston. The British army had begun to fortify the Dorchester Heights near Boston, and so the Continental Army fortified Breed’s Hill, north of Boston, to counter the British plan. British general Gage led two unsuccessful attempts to take this hill, before he finally seized it with the third assault. The British suffered heavy losses and lost any hope for a quick victory against the colonies. Although the battle centered around Breed’s Hill, it was mistakenly named for nearby Bunker Hill. |
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| A letter written in Boston and circulated through the colonies in February, 1768, which urged the colonies not to import goods taxed by the Townshend Acts. Boston, New York, and Philadelphia agreed to non-importation. It was followed by the Virginia Circular Letter in May, 1768. Parliament ordered all colonial legislatures which did not rescind the circular letters dissolved. |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| First established in Boston in 1772, the committees became a way for the colonies to state and communicate their grievances against Great Britain |
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| Created by the First Continental Congress, it enforced the non-importation of British goods by empowering local Committees of Vigilence in each colony to fine or arrest violators. It was meant to pressure Britain to repeal the Coercive Acts. |
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| British Commander Cornwallis was trapped here and after a series of battles Cornwallis surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, which ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War. |
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| He had been a Colonel in the Connecticut militia at the outbreak of the Revolution and a General in the Continental Army. He won key victories for the colonies in the battles in upstate New York in 1777, and was instrumental in General Gates victory over the British at Saratoga. In 1780, he was caught plotting to surrender the key Hudson River fortress of West Point to the British in exchange for a commission in the royal army. He is the most famous traitor in American history. |
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| This treaty ended the Revolutionary War, recognized the independence of the American colonies, and granted the colonies the territory from the southern border of Canada to the northern border of Florida, and from the Atlantic coast to the Mississippi River. |
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| Prime minister of Great Britain in the first half of the 1700s. His position towards the colonies was salutary neglect. |
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| Prime Minister Robert Walpole’s policy in dealing with the American colonies. He was primarily concerned with British affairs and believed that unrestricted trade in the colonies would be more profitable for England than would taxation of the colonies. |
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| During a period of economic depression, he led a group of farmers to stop the courts from seizing a farmer's land and enacting debt collection, Citizen of Boston raised an army and suppressed the rebels, Americans felt pressure to strengthen the government and avoid future violence |
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| Act of Congress to assist in settlement of the West; the sale of land provided federal reserve. Organized distribution of land into townships, setting aside a section of each in support of public education. |
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| Northwest Ordinance of 1787 |
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| Created 5 states, States would be admitted when free inhabitants reached 60,000, slavery is not is not allowed in these states, set a precedent of how states could join the Union |
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| He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States. |
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| After a series of battles, he surrendered to the Continental Army on October 19, 1781, in Yorkton. This ended all major fighting in the Revolutionary War. |
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| Member of the Virginia House of Burgesses who gave speeches against the British government and its policies urging the colonies to fight for independence. In 1775 he petitioned to declare a "state of defense" in virginia where he gave his most famous speech which ends with the words, "Give me liberty or give me death." Served as Governor of Virginia from 1776-1779 and 1784-1786, and was instrumental in causing the Bill of Rights to be adopted as part of the U.S. Constitution. |
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| American victory persuaded French to support the colonists against Britain |
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| Commitment between Spain and Portugal. Created a Papal line of Demarcation, which divided the New World |
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| Divided the New World: east of the line for Portugal and west of it for Spain |
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| the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses. |
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| A profit-earning venture that formed Virginia through the use of the headright system |
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| A region and culture area extending from Mexico to Honduras. Prehistoric groups in this area are characterized by agricultural villages and large ceremonial and politico-religious capitals. I.e. Olmec, Maya, Aztec |
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| Sir Walter Raleigh's attempt to establish a permanent English settlement. The last group of colonist just disappeared and it's still unknown why it failed. |
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| John Winthrop's sermon "A Model of Christian Charity" warned the Puritan colonist of New England who were to found the Massachusetts Bay Colony |
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| An armed conflict between an alliance of Massachusetts Bay and Plymouth colonies, with Native American allies, against the Pequot tribe. Pequot were almost completely killed off. |
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| The original name of New York when it was under Dutch control from 1621-1664 |
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| Commonly known as the Quakers or Friends, was founded in England in the 17th century by George Fox |
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| Maryland Toleration Act (1649) |
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| Protected religious rights of Catholics and Protestants but not those of other religions |
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| Fundamental Orders of Connecticut (1639) |
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| It was a constitution for the colonial government of Hartford. The order gave men more voting rights which allowed more men to run for office |
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| One of a number of land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England to his supporters in the Stuart Restoration. The land grants resumed English colonization of Americas. Includes colonies of Pennsylvania and the Carolinas |
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| Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." |
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| Singed by Great Britain, France, and Spain, with Portugal in agreement. It ended the Seven Years War with France and marked British dominance. |
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| "Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania" |
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| A series of essays by John Dickinson which united the colonies against the Townshend Acts. Also declared Parliment's taxation of the colonies for the sole purpose of revenue as unconstituational. |
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| Continental Army is forced to withdraw from this fort in the Saratoga campaign by the British army |
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| First military engagements of the American Revolutionary War |
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| One of the bloodiest battle in the American Revolutionary War |
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| Also known as the Franco-American Alliance, was a pact between France and the 2nd Continental Congress, representing the U.S. government. The two countries promised to aid each other in the event of British attack. |
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| British easily captured this fort in Georgia due to the poorly trained American militia. The British used the fort for coastal raid for the remainder of the war. General George Washington failed to re-capture Savannah. |
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| An interpretation of Puritan beliefs that stressed god's gift of salvation and minimized what an individual could do to gain salvation; identified with Anne Hutchinson |
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| Under the English navigation Acts, those commodities taht could be shipped only England or other English colonies; originally included sugar, tobacco, cotton, and indigo |
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| Religious revival movement during the 1730s and 1740s; its leaders were George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards; religious pluralism was promoted by the idea that all Protestant denominations were legitimate |
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| Settlement of over 20,000 Puritans in Massachusetts Bay and other parts of New England between 1630 and 1642 |
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| In 1662, Puritans permitted the baptized children of church members in a "half-way" membership in the congregation and allowed them to baptize their children; they still oculd not vote or take communion |
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| Method of attracting settlers to VA; after 1618, it gave 50 acres of land to anyone who paid for their own passage or for that of any other settlers who might be sent or brought to the colony |
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| The company sold shares of stock to finance the outfitting of overseas expeditions; colonies founded by included Jamestone (VA Company) and New Amsterdam (Dutch West India Company) |
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| tax on printed materials and legal documents |
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| colonies to provide British troops with housing and provisions |
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| external taxes on colonial imports |
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| monopoly to East India Company for tea sold in the colonies |
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| British response to the Boston Tea Party, intended to punish Boston |
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| Term used by historians to describe the United States under the Articles of Confederation |
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| economic policy that held that the strength of a nation is based on the amount of gold and silver it has; also, that the country needs a favorable balance of trade and that colonies exist for the good of the mother country as a source of raw materials nad a market for manufactured goods |
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| The sea route followed by slave traders from the west coast of Africa to the Western Hemisphere |
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