Term
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Definition
| study of biological function |
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Term
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Definition
| specific range for body temp, blood sugar, tension on a tendon, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Particular muscles or glands that regulate the body back to its set point |
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Term
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Definition
| Receives information from many different sensors that increases or decreases effector activity |
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Term
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Definition
| Negative or reverse regulation that lowers the level of deviation from the set point (air conditioner in house) |
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Term
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Definition
action of effectors amplifies those changes that stimulated the effectors
(ex. Thermostat increases heat production in response to rise in temperature) |
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Term
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Definition
| "Built-in" to the organs being regulated |
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Term
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Definition
| Regulation of an organ by the nervous and endocrine systems |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical regulators in the body |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific organs that respond to a particular hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue specialized for contraction |
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Term
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Definition
tissue generally attached to bones at both ends by means of tendons
Contractions produce movements of the skeleton
Myofibers
STRIATED- Gradient of strength of contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscle is only found in the heart
Myocardial cells
Intercalated discs
"Whole-hearted" contraction
Stimulation of one cell stimulates an entire mass |
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Term
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Definition
| short, branched, intimately connected muscle cells that form a continuous fabric |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle tissue found in the digestive tract, blood vessles, bronchioles, ducts of urinary and reprod. systems
No STRIATIONS |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that consists of neurons and supporting cells |
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Term
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Definition
Nerve cells
Generate and conduct electrical signals and events |
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Term
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Definition
Glial cells
Provide neurons with anatomical and functional support |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that forms membranes that cover and line body surfaces and glands |
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Term
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Definition
| Secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane and to the outside of the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Secrete hormones into the blood |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue specialized for contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
tissue generally attached to bones at both ends by means of tendons
Contractions produce movements of the skeleton
Myofibers
STRIATED- Gradient of strength of contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscle is only found in the heart
Myocardial cells
Intercalated discs
"Whole-hearted" contraction
Stimulation of one cell stimulates an entire mass |
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Term
|
Definition
| short, branched, intimately connected muscle cells that form a continuous fabric |
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Term
|
Definition
Muscle tissue found in the digestive tract, blood vessles, bronchioles, ducts of urinary and reprod. systems
No STRIATIONS |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that consists of neurons and supporting cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Nerve cells
Generate and conduct electrical signals and events |
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Term
|
Definition
Glial cells
Provide neurons with anatomical and functional support |
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Term
|
Definition
| Tissue that forms membranes that cover and line body surfaces and glands |
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Term
|
Definition
| Secrete chemicals through a duct that leads to the outside of a membrane and to the outside of the body surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Secrete hormones into the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial membranes only one cell layer thick |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial membranes composed of a number of cell layers |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial cells that are flattened |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial tissues that are as wide as they are tall |
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Term
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Definition
| epithelial tissues that are taller than they are wide |
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Term
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Definition
| Tissue that has large amounts of extracellular material in the spaces between the tissue's cells |
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Term
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Definition
Loose connective tissue
collagen
dense fibrous connective tissue |
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Term
| What is found in the nucleus of an atom? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Two structures with identical molecular formula, but different structures/characteristics |
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Term
| What determines the Atomic Number |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the Atomic Mass of an element |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Group of atoms bonded together |
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Term
| How do covalent bonds form? |
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Definition
| Atoms of a molecule share electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Atoms share electrons equally |
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Term
| Examples of non-polar molecules |
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Definition
| CO2, CCL4, Oxygen, Lipids |
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Term
|
Definition
Insoluble in water
(Non-polar molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cation (+) bonds with anions (-) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons create a polarity (unequal sharing of electrons) across molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
| Unequal sharing of electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| All body fluid inside cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| All fluid outside of the cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| G0 (Cells have stopped dividing) |
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Term
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Definition
Checkpoint Protein
Needs to be in high levels of concentration to move cell into S phase
(similar to protein kinases) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Haploid cells (23 chromosomes) Gametes
Crossing Over (prophase I)
Metaphase I
Telephase I
lacks homologous chromosomes |
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Term
|
Definition
Cell stage
Only stage not in interphase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Organizing center for tubulin (microtubules) |
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Term
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Definition
| Spindle fibers attach to chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
4 chromatid
Homologous chromosomes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Chromosomes align along mid-line of cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
Centromere splits
Chromosomes separate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Location of gene on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
47
Ex: Trisomy X, two barr bodies |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Many genes cause phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
| Heterozygous has blended phenotype |
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Term
|
Definition
HOX(homeotic) genes also found in mice with new ones added. Shows how evolution works. (fruit fly to a mouse)
Master Control Genes
- Control placement of parts of embryo but not specifics of what part looks like. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mouse eye gene+ fruitfly= Compound fruitfly eye |
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Term
|
Definition
"Above Genetics"
Heritable change but not DNA base change
Not a mutation |
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Term
|
Definition
CH3 (methyl) attached to specific regions of DNA to block transcription
-Pattern changes with aging and stress |
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Term
|
Definition
Changes in histone tails
-Make chromosomes more or less compact
-Activate or reduce transcription
-patterns change with stress, drug addiciton |
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Term
|
Definition
Control ability of mRNA to be read
(block transcription-Good drug manufacture)
Plays role in cancer and inactivation chromosome |
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins that control transcription by binding to Promoter -Signal RNA polymerase to bind and transcribe mRNA |
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Term
|
Definition
Put mRNA for Bicoid in egg
-Mother determines gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| sets up axis (head and tail) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Master transcription factors that ativate genes in each segment
(colinear)
Activate genes is segment |
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Term
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Definition
| cell becomes a type by its position in the developing organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Gradients of sinals/proteins/morphagens |
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Term
|
Definition
| material in egg from mothers genome sets stage for development |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| developed twoard a specific cell type |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of developing in many cell types |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can become all cell types + Placenta |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Induced Pleuipotent Stem cells
Can be made from adult cells with 4 genes added |
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Term
| Higher Maternal age means.... |
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Definition
| Higher chance of trisomys |
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Term
| Four Types of Macromolecules |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Fats |
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Term
|
Definition
| large molecules from smaller subunits |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Formation of macromolecules by the removal of water
(monomer to polymer) |
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Term
|
Definition
Breaking down with water
(polymer to monomer) |
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Term
|
Definition
monomer of sugars
5 or 6 carbons |
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Term
| Ring or Linear structures |
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Definition
| Different ways to show the structure |
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Term
|
Definition
| Two structures with an identical molecular formula but different structures an |
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Term
| 3 types of structural isomers |
|
Definition
Structural Isomer
Stereoisomer
Enantiomers |
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Term
|
Definition
Different arragement of around same elements
Ex: Glucose, galactose, fructose |
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Term
|
Definition
Geometric Isomers
-Above or Below Ring
-Ex: a-B Glucose |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Carbohydrates composed of
TWO MONOSACCHARIDES
-Ex: Sucrose = glucose+frutose |
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Term
|
Definition
Long chains of sugars
Energy Storage
Strutural support: Cellulose, Chitin |
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Term
| Higher Branching Carbohydrate |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Examples of Polysaccharides |
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Definition
| Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate polymer that makes up exoskeletons of insects |
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Term
|
Definition
| Carbohydrate polymer that makes up plant stems |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Basis for all organic molecules |
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Term
| Atributes of Living Things |
|
Definition
Metabolism
Reproduction
Sense Environment and Respond
Develop\Grow |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Two Types of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
Pento- 5 Carbon C5H20
Hexo- 6 Carbon C6H20 |
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Term
| What Disaccharide can be made from starch? |
|
Definition
High Frutose Corn Syrup
(HFCS)
Contain glucose and frutose monomers |
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Term
| Does more branching make polysaccharides easier or harder to digest? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Modified sugars (glucosamine)
- Used for structures (chitin) |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structure of Steriods/Cholesterol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monomers of Fats and Phosopholipids
Long Hydrocarbon chains
- Made of mostly C and H
-Have C (carboxly end) and omega end |
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Term
|
Definition
Covalent (polar and non-polar)
Ionic
Hydrogen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Electrons create a polarity across molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cations (+) bond with Anions (-) |
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Term
|
Definition
| H atom in a molecule becomes attracted to a O or N atom in another polar molecule |
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Term
|
Definition
Water Loving
Attracted to Water |
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Term
|
Definition
Water Fearing
Repels away from H20 |
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|
Term
Polar and Ions
Hydrophillic or Hydrophobic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Non polar
Hydrophillic or Hydrophobic |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| gradient of acidic to basic of solutions |
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Term
|
Definition
| The concentration of H+ ions to OH- ions |
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Term
|
Definition
| Makes solution more acidic |
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Term
|
Definition
| Makes solution more basic |
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Term
|
Definition
-No double H bonds
-All carbons are linked by single covalent bonds
-Tend to be solid at room temp |
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Term
|
Definition
-one or more double H bonds
-Tend to be a liquid at room temp |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
3 carbons after double H bond in tails
Ex: c=c-c-c |
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|
Term
|
Definition
6 carbons after double H bond in tails
Ex: c=c-c-c-c-c-c |
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|
Term
| More carbons in fatty acids makes melting point... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Unsaturated melting point |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Trans strucutre in fatty acid tail
H
|
C=C
|
H |
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|
Term
| Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish |
|
Definition
EPA (20 carbon)
DHA (22 carbon)
Needed for growth and repair
To make other fatty acids |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Made from 3 fatty acids attached to glycerol (by dehydration synthesis)
-Ester Bond |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fatty acids are NOT a fat |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| 1 gram of fat stores 2x as much energy as 1 gram of glycogen or starch |
|
|
Term
| How do we get monosaturatd fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we get polysaturated fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + a phosphate group (Amphiphilic- part polar)
-Form lipid bilayers |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Interconnected rings of carbons
Hydrophobic
Cholesterol
Hormones (estrogen, testoserone)
Not used as monomers |
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Term
|
Definition
| monomer: Amino Acid (20 types) |
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Term
|
Definition
differ by group
-some hydrophobic
-acidic
-basic
-neutral |
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Term
| Primary Structure (peptide) |
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Definition
| list (sequence) of amino acids in peptide |
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|
Term
| Secondary Structure (peptide) |
|
Definition
Folding based on hydrogen bonds (non-R group)
-Helical, pleated sheet, random |
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|
Term
| Tertiary Structure (peptide) |
|
Definition
3-D folding based on R-groups
-Helical, globular |
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|
Term
| Quaternary Structure (peptide) |
|
Definition
2 or more peptides
non-covalent bonding |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Structural Proteins structure |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Unfolding of peptide due to environmental conditions
Ex: egg on frying pan |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
monomer of nucleic acids
responsible for energy storage, cell signalling, transmition of genetic info
-Base+ 5 carbon sugar+ phosphate |
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Term
|
Definition
Polymer of nucleic acids
Sugar is Ribose |
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Term
|
Definition
Polymer of nucleic acids
sugar is deoxyribose (no oxygen) |
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Term
|
Definition
-All organisims are composed of living cells
-Cells are the smallest living things
-Cells arise from pre-existing cells |
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Term
|
Definition
Genetic Material
Cytosol
Plasma Membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
No nucleus
Appendeges- Pili, Flagella
DNA in nucleoid region
No membrane bound organelles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Nucleus
DNA inside nucleus
Cytosol
Nucleus
Membrane bound organelles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
in cytosol
can move around anywhere
Proteins are released in cytosol |
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Term
|
Definition
rER bound
Synthesize proteins used by rER |
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Term
|
Definition
| Synthesize protein chains |
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Term
|
Definition
entirety of organism's heriditary info
DNA or RNA
Gene Sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
Entire set of proteins expressed by a genome
Protein set |
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Term
|
Definition
-Nucleus
-Mitochondria
-Chloroplast (plant only) |
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Term
|
Definition
Converts Peroxide into water
uses enzyme Catalase |
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Term
|
Definition
Phospholipid bilayer
-Impermeable (Ions, polar molecules)
-Permeable (non-polar molecules) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Protein that is permanently attached to the cell membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
| span all the way through the membrane |
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|
Term
| Peripheral Membrane Protein |
|
Definition
| -Attached on surface, easy to remove |
|
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Term
|
Definition
can see:
-Mitochondria
-Most bateria
-Most plant and animal cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Can see:
-viruses
-small bacteria
-ribosomes
-proteins
-lipids |
|
|
Term
| Why is cell membrane called fluid mosiac? |
|
Definition
Mosiac because its a MIX of lipids and proteins
Fluid because bilayer is like a light oil. Proteins and lipids can move around plane but always come back to same position |
|
|
Term
| What does cholesterol do to the cell membrane |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the membrane becomes too hot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens if the membrane becomes too loose? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain of sugars attached to a protein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Markers (recognition site)
One or more sugars attached to the Polar end of the lipid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-small non-charged, NON POLAR gases, ethanol
Requires no energy (ATP) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Facilitated (needs integral protein)
- High to Low concentration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Diffusion of water across membrane |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Equal water and soulute concentration on either side of membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Solute concentration is higher
Water concentration is lower
Cell shrinks
Water goes out of cell to dilute the solute |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Solute concentration is lower
Water concentration is higher
Cell gets larger, water comes in to dillute solute |
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Movement of a substance AGAINST its concentration gradient
Requires ATP or other energy
Pump (low to high) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Distribution of solute from high to low concentration |
|
|
Term
| Two types of Gradients (transport) |
|
Definition
Transmembrane Gradient
Ionic electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concentration of a solute is higher on one side of the membrane than the other |
|
|
Term
| Ionic Electrochemical gradient |
|
Definition
| Both an electrical gradient (charge) and chemical gradient |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Help maintain resting potential
Regulates cellular volume
Action potential for neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Endocytosis
Phagocytosis
Pinnocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vesicle pinches off of plasma membrane and into cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Material to be imported attaches to binding protein that concentrates it.
Specific molecules only |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Vesicle fuses with plasma membrane
Vesicle content going OUTSIDE |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Post Office
Sorts proteins into vesicles
Protein Modifacation
Enzymes in golgi mark proteins
Cis, Trans, Cisternae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Site for steriods detox and Calcium storage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
protein synthesis
ribosomes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Digestion in cell
Come from Golgi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Protein synthesis on free ribosomes
Ribosomes bind to rER--> signal peptide
Completed protein is inside rER, go to golgi
visicles break off of golgi, become cis face lysosomes or for exocytosis
Exocytosis replaces plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Amount of energy change in a RXN
Amount of energy for work (free energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Favorable
Delta G is negative (extra energy) |
|
|
Term
| Not Spontaneous (endergonic) |
|
Definition
Not Favorable
Delta G is positive
(needs extra energy) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Overall Change is negative
Endergonic + Exergonic =exergonic
Make reactions easier for cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
LEO
Loss of Electrons
Reductant--> Product + electron
Electron lost |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
GEO
Gain of Electrons
Oxidant + Electron = Product
Electron gained |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Proteins that catalyze (increase rates of) reactions
Bind substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary space that binds substrates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Non protein molecules
Required to bind to enzymes to make them active
Usually temporary |
|
|
Term
| Read about Cellular Respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate(3c)
Net 2 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does glycolysis happen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does pyruvate breakdown occur |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Oxydative Phosphorylation |
|
Definition
Aerobic
oxidation of NADH, makes ATP
Reduction of oxygen
Phosphorylation occurs by ATP synthase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Overview of Cell Respiration |
|
Definition
C6H12+6O2 to 6CO2+6H20
Coupled to e- stored in 10 NADH and 2FADH2
Coupled to phosphylation of 2 ATP and 2 GTP
No oxygen required in Kreb cycle
Oxygen required in everything else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Substrate-level phosphorylation
Energy stored in electrochemical gradient |
|
|
Term
| Substrate level phosphorylation |
|
Definition
| Enzyme directly transfers phosphate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy stored in it makes ATP from ADP and P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Matrix
Cristae
Inner membrane space
Double Membrane
Comes from Mother |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Oxygen Free Radicals
-Parkinsons
-Cardiac Damage
-Diabetes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in inner membrane of mitochondria
Protons increase in inner & outer membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Double Membrane
-Outer and Inner
Thaylakoid
-has chrlorphyll
-3rd membrane |
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Definition
Fluid part
Has DNA, ribosome
Semi-Automous |
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| Photosynthesis takes place in |
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Photosystem II
Oxygen from water
Electron trans + H gradient makes ATP |
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Photosystem I
Electrons for NADPH |
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Flow of Electrons and photons
(light reaction) |
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CO2 fixation
2 (3C)use ATP+ NADPH in Stroma to put CO2 into organic molcules |
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| carbon dioxcide plus water reacts to light to make glucose and oxygen |
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Term
Calvin Cycle
ATP is Added
NADPH is Added
What is released |
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Definition
ADP is released
NADP is released |
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Definition
| Sending and receiving molecules |
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unique 3D space to bind to Ligand
No catalytic activity, just releases ligand |
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Transmembrane proteins
Change shape when Ligand binds |
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Definition
Opens channel
add Phosphate to proteins
activate G proteins |
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Term
| How are cellular actions in Eukaryotes controlled |
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Definition
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Definition
Activated receptor sets off transduction pathway
protein kinases
G proteins
Second messengers |
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Definition
Add phosphate to other proteins
activate other proteins
Amplifies signal |
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| Activation of transcription factor |
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Definition
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Definition
cause GTP to bind to G proteins
Start amplifacation |
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Definition
small molecules
activate various reactions in the cell
amplify signal of receptor binding |
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| additions or deletions to sequence |
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reproductive cells
eggs and sperm |
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| Controls what genes are replicated |
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| 3 components of nucleotides |
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Definition
Phosphate
Sugar
Ribose
Deoxyribose
Nitrogenous bases |
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Definition
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Definition
Cytosine
Thymine or Uracil |
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A binds T, G binds C in DNA (AT, GC)
A binds U, G binds C in RNA (AU, GC) |
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Term
| 3 components of nucleotides |
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Definition
Phosphate
Sugar
Nitrogenous bases |
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Definition
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Definition
Cytosine
Thymine or Uracil |
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Definition
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Definition
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| Antiparallel structure of DNA |
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Definition
one strand 5' to 3'
other 3' to 5' |
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Definition
| single double stranded DNA+Protein |
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Definition
150 bp of DNA
Wraps around 4 histone molecules
7x compact |
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Definition
Linker regions
Between nucleosome looped together |
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Where DNA begins to unwind
Open up forks |
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Definition
Small piece of single stranded DNA or RNA
Needed to start replication |
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Term
| New strand is made _' to _' |
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Definition
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| Template strand is _' to _' |
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Definition
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Definition
| Fragments of replicated DNA from lagging strand in fork |
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Definition
End of Eukaryotic chromosomes
Get shorter each division (age) |
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connects inner and outer nuclear membrane
Controls materials going in and out |
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Definition
Protein coating inside of inner membrane
Chromosomes attach to it |
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| binds to promoter before transcription |
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| Pre-mRNA processed/spliced when? |
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5' cap
Poly A tail (AAAAA) |
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Definition
transport
carries amino acids
in cytoplasm
Correct amino acid at the top |
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Definition
ribosomal
part of ribosomes |
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Definition
messenger
carries code for genes |
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needs pre-mRNA to splice it into smaller functional mRNA
Get it out of nucleus |
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Definition
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| Anticodon is bases in ______. |
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Definition
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| Codons and Anticodons have how many bases in a row? |
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Definition
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Definition
| more than one codon each amino acid |
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Definition
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| First two bases are more important than 3rd |
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Definition
Only start and stop signals
Have to start at correct place to make correct peptide |
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Small subunit binds to mRNA
AUG codon
First tRNA anticodon
Large subunit binds to 3 sites
P site
A site
E site |
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New activated amino actyl tRNA
Enters A site
Binds codon/anticodon |
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Definition
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Definition
| one condon, peptide, back in P site |
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| elongation continues until stop codon |
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| Prokaryotes gene regulation |
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Definition
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| How many promoters in operon model |
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Definition
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| How many genes does a promoter control? |
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Definition
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| Repressor I proteins bind to ______ region to _______ |
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Definition
O region
Stop transcription |
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Term
| Eukaryotes gene regulation |
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Definition
Each cell has same genome
only some genes transcribed |
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Definition
| proteins that activate transcription |
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Definition
turns on genes for transcription
controls multiple genes |
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| Alterations in histones can..... |
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Definition
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Definition
| smalls RNAs that block translation |
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